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American laws reflect the desire to prevent unnecessary deprivations of liberty.
a. True
b. False
Low-income city dwellers tend not to be the victims of crime as much as wealthy
city-dwellers because thieves target those with wealth.
a. True
b. False
Adrian has worked for two different municipal police department in the course of his
career due to a career move his wife made, which forced Adrian to move to a new state.
Adrian worked for the first department for 10 years. He enjoyed his position very much.
He felt very comfortable with his sergeant all they way up to the chief. They ran a very
professional department and executed many arrests for misdemeanors and traffic
violations. When Adrian switched to the department in his new state, he noticed a very
different style of policing. He was working in a nice suburban area, which required him
to answer calls that, he felt, were more social-service-type calls. This new department
forced him to develop a new style of policing.
The first department that Adrian worked for required him to work for arrests and uphold
the letter of the law. This is an example of the _____ style of law enforcement.
a. law enforcement
b. legalistic
c. watchman
d. service
In Santobello v. New York (1971), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
a. when a guilty plea rests on a promise of a prosecutor, it must be fulfilled.
b. defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer the consequences.
c. a plea of guilty may be accepted for the purpose of a lesser sentence by a defendant
who maintains his or her innocence.
d. defendants must state that they are voluntarily making a plea of guilty.
American crime rates have dropped since the early 1980s for many crimes.
a. True
b. False
According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is not an explanation for the racial
and ethnic disparities that exist within the criminal justice system?
a. Minorities commit more crimes.
b. The criminal justice system is racist.
c. America is a racist society.
d. None of these. All of the above can explain the disparities.
Over half of the adults under correctional supervision are on
a. probation.
b. parole.
c. house arrest.
d. intensive supervision probation.
Which of the following would not be considered a feature of the due process model?
a. Viewed as the "assembly line model"
b. Emphasizes the adversarial process, rights of defendants, and formal
decision-making procedures.
c. Viewed as the "obstacle course model"
d. Stresses individual freedom and law as values
Laws passed by legislatures and statutory definitions of criminal offenses are found in
penal codes and
a. written law.
b. statutes.
c. common law.
d. case law.
Holding a defendant for trial, for fear that if the defendant were released on bail he or
she might endanger another person or the community, is referred to as
a. a citation.
b. bail.
c. release on recognizance.
d. preventive detention.
According to the ___________ doctrine, officers are permitted to search and to seize
evidence, without a warrant, on private property beyond the area immediately
surrounding the house.
a. plain view
b. plain feel
c. open fields
d. seizure
How might public opinion affect a prosecutor's decision to try a certain case?
a. Prosecutors conduct surveys of the community to determine which cases are most
important.
b. Prosecutors are elected, so their decisions should reflect community values.
c. Prosecutors have no discretion to try casesthey must bring every case they receive to
court.
d. Prosecutors keep the community happy by having low conviction rates.
When a force employs police officers from all demographic groups, the police gain
legitimacy because they are seen as reflecting the interests of all people, and there may
be reductions in race-based disparities affecting who is stopped, searched, or arrested.
a. True
b. False
Warden Campbell is having a difficult time recruiting qualified correctional officers. He
has also had a difficult time maintaining job satisfaction among his current employees.
He is working with other wardens within the state to review possible incentives for all
correctional staff. He has found that there is a huge shortage of staff members who
would be considered minorities, including women.
As Warden Campbell tries to increase his pursuit of women and minorities as
employees, he needs to be aware that female correctional officers with low levels of job
satisfaction will also report greater
a. pay.
b. job stress.
c. on-the-job injuriespromotions.
d. use-of-force claimsincentives.
The definitions of crimes and people eligible for punishment are spelled out in
________ criminal law.
a. procedural
b. substantive
c. constitutional
d. fundamental
In the Patriot Act, there is no legislation that allows law enforcement access to sneak
and peek warrants, warrantless search of third-party records, and access to emails.
a. True
b. False
Ethan was arrested for public drunkenness and lewd and lascivious behavior after
attending his close friend's bachelor party. This is his first encounter with the criminal
justice system. He works as a project manager with a local construction company. Ethan
has been involved with his girlfriend for 3 years. His attorney reached an agreement
with the prosecutor to reduce his sentence to probation.
The fact that Ethan was arrested at all is an example of the justice system's use of
a. system analysis.
b. tasking.
c. discretion
d. resource allocation.
Most felony cases are disposed of by dismissals.
a. True
b. False
The central idea of the community corrections approach is the _____ restrictive
alternative.
a. most
b. least
c. average
d. 'supermax"
An occupational environment affects the way a person interprets reality.
a. True
b. False
Prior to 1800, Americans copied Europeans by using physical punishment such as
flogging.
a. True
b. False
Police rarely use deception when interrogating a suspect.
a. True
b. False
The second aspect of the working personality is the need to exert authority.
a. True
b. False
Parolees who are behave according to their conditions of release may be adjusted to
_________ surveillance.
a. rescinded
b. reattributed
c. readjustment
d. restorative
Maria is a 16 year-old Hispanic female from South Carolina who has been charged with
assault with a deadly weapon with the intent to kill. Maria used a baseball bat to beat a
classmate close to death leaving the victim with brain damage. The judge will render
her decision tomorrow if Maria should be tried as an adult or if the case should stay
within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court system. Currently, Maria is being held in an
institution until an appropriate decision can be made.
Given the circumstances of the battery, the prosecutor is demanding Maria's case be
transferred to the adult criminal court system, a process called a(n)
a. diversion.
b. intake.
c. waiver.
d. transfer.
Because police usually observe the crimes that occur, they are at an advantage in
quickly arresting offenders.
a. True
b. False
Katie has been charged with armed robbery. The judge has set her bail at $250,000. She
is currently in jail awaiting a family member to raise her bail. This is Katie's first
offense. She claims that she was forced to commit the crime because she could not pay
her rent.
Katie's lawyer files a request to suppress certain details of Katie's alleged involvement
in the robbery. The lawyer's request came in the form of a
a. bench statement
b. motion
c. hearing
d. disposition
When an urgent situation of significant social importance outweighs the necessity of
respecting individuals' rights, this is referred to as the _______ exception.
a. plain view
b. public safety
c. exigent circumstances
d. stop-and-frisk
Which theory involves the use of the criminal law to control society's poor and
have-nots?
a. Social conflict
b. Learning
c. Social structure
d. Labeling
Which statement is true about probation?
a. It is only used in combination with fines
b. It is only used in combination with restitution
c. It is only used in combination with community service
d. It is used in combination with fines, restitution, and community service
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job.
He and his coworkers often have a beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his
friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night because his favorite NFL
team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As
he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many
drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet down so he can hear the game. He is immediately
approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make an issue of the
game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within
minutes, a full bar brawl gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results
in brain damage.
Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed
him. This would be known as
a. victim precipitation.
b. revictimization.
c. repetitive victimization.
d. victimization.
The ______ is the missing actor in the courtroom's workgroup process that produces
plea bargains.
a. suspect
b. crime victim
c. judge
d. probation officer
Brady has just been charged with murder in the first degree. His previous record
includes several drug charges and a sexual assault that is pending. Brady will not be
released on bail. His attorney believes the prosecutor and judge will agree to a 20-year
sentence through a plea bargain, which will eliminate the chance of a life sentence.
Brady will not be released on bail and will await his trial in jail. His lawyer's request for
bail was turned down because
a. Brady has no family locally.
b. of the murder charge.
c. Brady is not parole eligible.
d. Brady could not post bail.
Currently, about one in five officers is a racial or ethnic minority group member.
a. True
b. False
The number of appeals in both the state and federal courts has increased during recent
decades.
a. True
b. False
Discuss the philosophical assumptions that underlie community corrections.
Discuss why criminologists have had difficulty explaining the rise in youth crime that
peaked in 1993.
Given that there are permanent restrictions on ex-offenders (inability to vote, collect
government support, etc.), can we ever really say that offenders have "paid their debt"
to society? If these offenders feel they will be punished forever, what incentive do they
have to remain crime-free?
Misdemeanor or lower courts hear about _______% of criminal cases.
Bail will be _________ if the defendant does not appear in court.
From the perspective of police officer's role and performance in fighting crime, what
does the term "intelligence" mean? How have there been improvements in this area?
How would a ban on plea bargaining impact the U.S. criminal justice system?
In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that execution of developmentally disabled
defendants was unconstitutional.
In _________ the Supreme Court determined what requirements must be met if
defendants are to receive effective counsel.
The ____________________ makes the decision about whether to file charges for
particular crimes and offenders.
Describe the basis for an appeal of a conviction.
Explain the inevitable discovery exception as it relates to Nix v. Williams (1984).
________ are the racial group most likely to be victims of crime.
____________________ officers have the most discretion.
Rates of ____ for those ending a community corrections sentence are about the same as
those of offenders leaving prison.
Probation can be revoked when a probationer commits a new crime or a(n) ______.
The stop-and-frisk exception is considered a(n) ____________________ search.
