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The evidence on victims' voice laws shows that they have ________ effect on serious
crime.
a. an inverse
b. no discernible
c. a direct and strong
d. a direct but weak
Interdiction-type strategies
a. attempt to stop the flow of drugs entering the country
b. attempt to reduce the production of drug plants in the field
c. are demand-reduction strategies that seek to intercede early into drug addiction
d. are supply-reduction strategies that seek reduce the availability of drugs
The key elements of "pulling levers" that demonstrate how it is a focused application of
deterrence include ALL BUT WHICH of the following
a. a focus on a select target group
b. a message that was clearly heard by the target audience
c. delivering on the threats and promises made
d. relying on the perceptions of people in the community
Persons hospitalized after being found not guilty by reason of insanity
a. can be released in as short as one week and most of them stay less than one month
b. must pay for their psychiatric treatment where the state pays for incarceration
c. spend more time confined in hospitals than comparable offenders sent to prison
d. have usually feigned mental illness and escaped punishment through this loophole
When Alaska banned plea bargaining
a. the courtroom work group evaded the ban
b. the criminal courts collapsed
c. there was a dramatic change in the rate of guilty pleas
d. trials increased slightly
In the early 1980s __________ sparked a national outcry and changes to laws on the
insanity defense.
a. news coverage of the inhumane treatment of people in mental hospitals
b. research on the number of defendants who feign insanity to beat the rap
c. John W. Hinckley's acquittal for attempting to assassinate President Ronald Reagan
d. all of the above
Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that
a. they were not implemented as intended
b. none of them reduced crime and some had adverse outcomes
c. they were not cost-effective
d. they deterred more chronic offenders than first-time offenders
Crime-control theology conflicts most directly with which of the following?
a. community-focused programs
b. the prevention-punishment dichotomy
c. evidence-based practices
d. substantive criminal law
The major significance of the smart policing initiatives is
a. their routine use of crackdowns and faster response time
b. their evidence that police activity can diminish crime
c. their focus on zero-tolerance strategies and holding precinct commanders accountable
for crime trends in their area by providing immediate crime data through regular
meetings
d. their use of hiring, innovative and technology grants in order to increase the number
of college-educated and well-paid police officers
Select the most accurate statement:
a. old idealists provide a description of the day-to-day handling of routine cases that is
closer to reality than the new cynics' description
b. conservative cynics provide a description of the day-to-day handling of routine cases
that is closer to reality than the liberal cynics' description
c. new cynics see irrational decision making undermining effective crime control while
old idealists believe chaos of the system produces systematic discrimination
d. conservative cynics see irrational decision making undermining effective crime
control while liberal cynics believe chaos of the system produces systematic
discrimination
The ability of the courtroom work group to influence reforms in the justice system is
best characterized as
a. powerful
b. possible
c. hidden
d. unlikely
One of the main problems with drunk driving crackdowns is that
a. they require long-term behavior change
b. they are unconstitutional
c. the risk of arrest is extremely low
d. people avoid them by taking side streets
In his discussion of conservative and liberal theology, Walker notes that
a. liberals embrace the crime-control model while conservatives prefer the due process
model
b. conservatives blame problems on harsh punishment and call for rehabilitation
c. liberals call for punishment similar to parental discipline, even though the real world
of the CJS does not work like a family
d. conservatives believe criminals have low self-control, while liberals believe social
factors such as economic opportunities influence behavior
Effectively, predictive policing differs little from
a. smart policing techniques that involve careful planning
b. the effects of residual deterrence
c. using common sense to prevent crime
d. crackdowns and stop-and-frisk policies
The following evidence indicates that the crime drop is genuine
a. reliable NCVS data shows similar trends to UCR reports
b. we have seen crime drop for two years in a row
c. crime is down in every city in the nation
d. statistics don"t lie
Regarding speedy trials, Walker points out that
a. speedy trials can reduce failure to appear
b. speedy trials can reduce crime
c. the courtroom workgroup evades speedy trial laws
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
President George W. Bush created the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
in January 2001. When President Barack Obama entered office, he
a. kept the program intact
b. changed the name of the office to "Belief-Based and Community Initiatives"
c. eliminated all faith-based programs
d. continued the program, but with a slight change in emphasis and name
According to the text, what is the major difference between supply reduction and
demand reduction policies?
a. supply reduction focuses on offenders, and demand reduction sees guns as the
problem
b. supply reduction sees guns as the problem, and demand reduction focuses on
offenders
c. supply reduction seeks to control gun ownership, and demand reduction seeks to
preserve gun ownership as a universal right
d. demand reduction seeks to control gun ownership, and supply reduction seeks to
preserve gun ownership as a universal right
Many misunderstand split sentencing and believe
a. sentences are split between rehabilitation and incapacitation and offenders are beating
the system
b. split sentences are just another word for probation where offenders are not actually
incarcerated
c. the criminal justice system is tough because split sentences include incarceration to
jail and then prison
d. the criminal justice system is weaker than it actually is if only accounting for
offenders sentenced to prison and excluding split sentences
According to Walker, common sense tells us that increasing gun ownership for the
purpose of self-defense
a. would significantly decrease violent crimes
b. would decrease confidence in the CJS
c. its effectiveness is inconclusive
d. would increase crime in high-violence neighborhoods
According to Walker, a major drawback to drone use is
a. that the expense does not justify their use
b. their potential to increase crimes of theft and larceny
c. the carbon footprint left by the drones
d. the inefficiency of the lost contact between the police and the public
Tyler's research found that a sense of justice contributes to law-abiding behavior, but a
limitation of the study was that he only asked people about what?
a. juvenile delinquency
b. victimless crimes
c. domestic violence
d. minor offenses
Residual deterrence refers to
a. the invisibility of police patrols since they are spread so thin
b. the absence of a deterrent effect from policing where one would be expected
c. the myth that two-officer patrol are safer than single-officer patrols
d. the tendency to think there are more police patrolling because we remember seeing
them
Sellin's comparative research showed that
a. homicide rates increased in states when they abolished their death penalty and
decreased when it was reinstated
b. each execution deterred seven or eight murders
c. states with the death penalty did not have lower crime rates than states that did not
have the death penalty
d. homicides decreased in the months following an execution
The basic operating principles for the community focus on crime control include
a. a get-tough strategy that includes more arrests and mandatory sentences
b. a geographic focus and partnerships between criminal justice and non-criminal
justice agencies
c. a shift in power back to criminal justice agencies that uses zero-tolerance policies
d. a desire to find the single crime policy that will promote effective prevention and
control
The Small Arms survey estimates that there are currently over ____(1)______ million
firearms including _____(2)_____ million handguns in circulation in the U.S.
a. (1) 30 (2) 15
b. (1) 297 (2) 200
c. (1) 10 (2) 2
d. (1) 270 (2) 114
The ability of community prosecution to reduce serious crime is questionable because
a. it is not implemented as intended
b. it does not get tough on offenders which is what is needed to reduce crime
c. this is a loophole that allows serious offenders to escape prosecution
d. whether focusing on quality-of-life crime reduces serious crime remains unproven
One of the limits of attempting to outlaw possession of handguns is
a. most gun crimes are not committed with handguns
b. these laws violate Second Amendment rights
c. most gun owners also own rifles or shotguns
d. the large number of handguns in existence
The Midtown Community Court grew out of which of the following problems?
a. that punishment as a consequence did not change behavior in the desired direction
b. that there were often no consequences of any sort for committing quality-of-life
offenses
c. that offenders were not punished severely enough for their wrongdoing
d. that offenders were punished too severely for their wrongdoing
Extravagant promises about crime reduction have been made by
a. community and religious programs
b. both liberals and conservatives
c. liberal presidents but not conservative presidents
d. conservative presidents but not liberal presidents
Explaining the crime drop might involve broad changes in behavior that are beyond the
reach of social science to explain.
One problem with sending more mentally ill people to prison through GBMI verdicts is
that prisons cannot handle their current inmates with mental problems.
Discuss the reasons why the victim has had no role in modern Anglo-American law.
Differentiate between conservative and liberal theology.
Accurate estimates of crime reduction due to gross incapacitation should take into
consideration the law of diminishing returns as well as the replacement effect.
Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter homicides.
Explain the role that the prediction problem plays in preventive detention by discussing
pretrial detention and the natural experiment.
Describe proposed changes to U.S. drug policy that would improve its legitimacy.
Appraise the argument that the exclusionary rule handcuffs police.
Compare and contrast the relative accuracy of predictions made in the various studies in
the chapter along with the accuracy of judges in predicting chronic offending.
Wolfgang's birth cohort study was published at a time when crime rates were slowly
beginning to increase.
Conservatives see plea bargaining as a loophole while liberals believe it is a source of
injustice.
The impact of legalizing drugs is well documented and is known to increase serious
crime.
Conservatives believe post-conviction appeals allow offenders to escape punishment
while liberals feel the possibility of recognizing error is a virtue of appeals.
Discuss why the sex offender registration and notification laws do not protect society
from serious, potential sex offenders.
Evaluate the argument that drug treatment programs are effective through consideration
of the various types of programs, reduction in drug use and relapse.
Defend the argument that limiting appeals will not reduce serious crime.
To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the
death penalty deters murder.
