Petersilia makes a persuasive case for investing in prison programs that will provide
inmates with
a. meaningful work experience
b. education
c. anger management programs
d. all of the above
The Victims’ Rights Movement emerged in the
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
The biggest challenge for effective drug treatment is
a. the ever-growing range of available drugs
b. removing the stigma of drug treatment
c. obtaining funding
d. matching the right program with the right client
The American drug policy is dominated by the __________ approach to drug policy.
a. hawk
b. owl
c. dove
d. crow
The conclusion drawn from research on career-criminal prosecution programs like the
San Diego Major Violator Unit was that
a. getting tough does not work if leniency is not the source of the problem
b. getting tough increased the deterrent effect, because career criminals were previously
treated leniently
c. liberating the courtroom workgroup from traditional expectations moved more
career-criminal cases from the third layer to the fourth layer of the wedding cake
d. these programs convinced the public that cases of career criminals should be treated
like celebrated cases
Faster response time will NOT produce more arrests because
a. police are called to few crimes in progress and in many cases the victim can identify
the suspect because they are acquaintances
b. faster response time is correlated with an increase in police vehicle crashes which
actually slows response time
c. nationwide averages indicate that police already arrive on scene within seven minutes
of being dispatched to a call
d. it is detectives and their collection of blood, hairs and fibers that solve crimes not the
speed with which patrol officers arrive on scene
Findings from the Innocence Project indicate that
a. stable courtroom workgroups produce more mistakes than unstable work groups
b. the courtroom work group can cover up willful misconduct or incompetence
c. few mistakes occur in criminal justice processing and the consequences of those that
do are minimal
d. only 1% of defendants have been wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death, but
none of them were executed
Even poor communities with __________ , in which there is some capacity to control
the neighborhood, have lower crime rates than neighborhoods without it.
a. collective efficacy
b. an offender reentry program
c. embeddedness
d. all of the above
One of the major U.S. cities with a lot of violent crime that banned the possession of
handguns was
a. Kansas City
b. Boston, Massachusetts
c. Washington, D.C.
d. none of the above
Which Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty where
there were guidelines to control its application?
a. Gregg vs. Georgia
b. Furman vs. Georgia
c. Sellin vs. New York
d. Lovett vs. Virginia
A recent review of the literature concluded that the recidivism rate for persons acquitted
by reason of insanity was
a. greater than that of felons
b. no greater than that of felons
c. less than that of felons
d. none of the above
Conservatives feel that post-conviction appeals are
a. necessary to minimize the occurrence of mistakes
b. a loophole that undermines the deterrent effect
c. a waste of time since so few are successful
d. a good way to give the impression that justice is being done
The danger of legalizing drugs is
a. our society will crumble as everyone walks around in a drug-induced haze
b. residents of other countries will pour into the U.S. to purchase drugs
c. the mechanisms of socialization might be overwhelmed by the legislation
d. drug dealers will turn to other dangerous criminal activity
Evaluations of probation have found failure rates that range from _____________%.
a. 25 to 15
b. 65 to 12
c. 75 to 66
d. 99 to 77
In a 2000 study of nursing home residents, ____ percent of residents said that they had
been abused.
a. 14
b. 25
c. 30
d. 44
The increasing crime rate in the U.S.
a. began in the early 1960s
b. contributed to crime being a major issue in American politics
c. has instilled fear that ripped our social fabric as people moved out of their
communities
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
One of the myths about policing is that
a. patrol is the backbone of policing
b. single-officer patrols are most efficient
c. hiring more police means more patrol officers will be on the street
d. police create a phantom effect
The proposal to ban “Saturday night specials” suffers from the same problem of
focusing on a small part of the problem as
a. keeping guns out of the hands of “bad” people
b. getting tough on gun-related offenders
c. tightening Federal Firearms Licensing requirements
d. prohibiting cop-killer bullets
In successful drug courts, the behavior of the judges
a. contradict the principles of procedural justice
b. align with the principles of procedural justice
c. show marked racial discrimination
d. has a trickledown effect to the behavior of all courtroom workers
According to Walker, the most important positive result of community courts is
a. that community members become involved in the community
b. that is rehabilitates minor offenders
c. that the attention to disorder can help revitalize neighborhoods
d. that it deters serious crime
Faster police response potentially makes a difference in ____ percent of crime calls:
a. ten
b. three
c. twenty-five
d. .01
Steadman found that defendants claiming they were incompetent to stand trial spent
how much time committed to an institution prior to trial?
a. 2 days
b. 2 weeks
c. 2 months
d. 2 years
The real risk of arrest and punishment is
a. Almost impossible to assess
b. High in rural areas, low in cities
c. Fairly low
d. High in cities, low in rural areas
Among the reasons for the failure of diversion programs is
a. contact between the offender and probation officers is too often
b. program content offers too many options for offenders who need structure
c. a coercion element that infringes on due process rights
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
One danger of overexpansion of drug courts is
a. difficulty finding qualified judges
b. persuading states to fund the courts
c. admitting the extent of the drug problem in the U.S.
d. admitting people who are not amenable to treatment, thus lowering the success rate
One of the unique elements of criminal justice case processing that is more often
present in celebrated cases than other cases is
a. a trial
b. a public defender
c. a plea bargain
d. a conviction
The standard liberal criticism is that our CJS is more _____(1)_____ than other
countries, while conservatives argue that we are too _____(2)_____.
a. (1) lenient (2) lenient as well
b. (1) punitive (2) punitive as well
c. (1) punitive (2) lenient
d. (1) lenient (2) punitive
Examples of victims’ services include
a. longer prison sentences
b. financial compensation and counseling
c. victim impact statements
d. all of the above
Wolfgang’s follow-up study using a 1958 cohort found
a. offenders in the 1958 cohort began their criminal careers at an earlier age than the
1945 cohort
b. a small percentage of the cohort was chronic recidivists, but they committed more
and more serious crimes than the 1945 cohort
c. the same pattern in chronic offending held for both boys and girls
d. the original study was a fluke as similar patterns in chronic offending were not
identified
The results of Rand’s second study that attempted to predict career criminals showed
a. that self-reporting is a valid predictive method
b. that arrest rates alone cannot predict high rate offenders
c. that self-reporting is effective only among offenders who have graduated high school
d. that arrest rates are a useful prediction tool
Wolfgang labeled members of the cohort
a. delinquents and recidivists
b. low, medium, and high-rate offenders
c. nonoffenders, part-time offenders, and repeaters
d. one-time offenders, nonchronic recidivists, and chronic delinquents
Assess how the focused, proactive measures implemented at airports and schools can
reduce gun-related violence in those areas.
The majority of arrests are made by detectives who solve the crime based on leads from
the victim or a witness.
The key issue with the insanity defense is the mens rea requirement that must be
established in order to prove the defendant is guilty of the crime.
The Crime Commission’s model takes a systems approach to the administration of
criminal justice.
Problem-solving courts focus on less serious “disorder” offenses and use alternatives to
incarceration.
A comprehensive social ledger on imprisonment would take into account the combined
effect of adverse impacts on the “collective efficacy” of neighborhoods.
The majority of offenders leaving prison return to their old neighborhood.
Describe the extent of power that the courtroom work group possesses to influence
justice system reforms.
Explain how the victim/offender relationship factor influences informal classification of
cases into the CJ wedding cake and what changes may be seen if this was eliminated as
a decision-making factor.
The underlying assumption of broad “get tough” laws is that incapacitating offenders
will reduce crime and therefore reduce the number of crime victims and to date this
approach has been successful.
While the courtroom work group has the power to frustrate legal reform, it does not
have total control to completely nullify intended change.
Provide evidence that procedural justice makes a difference in the day-to-day world of
criminal justice.
Prosecutors refuse to set bail higher than the minimum amount required in bail
guidelines.
While the average maximum sentence length imposed has increased, time served has
decreased. As such, the net effect is no change in terms of assessing leniency.
The primary goal of therapeutic communities is to temporarily remove the external
influences that contribute to drug dependency and using counseling to restructure the
client’s personality.
The Scared Straight program in which adult offenders told juvenile offenders about the
horrors of imprisonment is an educational strategy known as moral appeal.
Research indicates that the most accurate method of predicting chronic offending is the
actuarial approach.
Compare and contrast the ideas of the Old Idealism with those of the New Cynicism.
The Manhattan Court Employment Project provided a classic example of net widening.
Research shows that robbery victims used a gun to resist the offender in 1.2 percent of
all robberies.