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Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of
thermodynamics?
A) If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the
entropy of the universe.
B) If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding
decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.
C) Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
D) Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____.
A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
B) develops from the midbrain
C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates
D) gives rise to the cerebrum
Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____.
A) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea
B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids
C) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons
D) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance
Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
A) blood clotting vitamin C
B) normal vision vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes vitamin D
D) production of white blood cells vitamin K
In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation
reactions?
A) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic.
B) Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy.
C) Hydrolysis decreases entropy and is exergonic.
D) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endergonic.
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main
immunological function?
A) sweeping away debris
B) physically trapping pathogens
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic
D) increasing oxygen absorption
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The
reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted
upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid
reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid.
Based on this information, which of the following is correct?
A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate.
C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product.
D) Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
In mountainous areas of western North America, north-facing slopes would be expected
to _____.
A) receive more sunlight than similar southern exposures
B) be warmer and drier than comparable southern exposed slopes
C) support biological communities similar to those found at lower elevations on similar
south-facing slopes
D) support biological communities similar to those found at higher elevations on
similar south-facing slopes
Bioinformatics includes _____.
I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis
IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems
A) I and II
B) II and III
C) II and IV
D) I, III, and IV
Density-dependent inhibition is a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing at
some optimal density and location. This phenomenon involves binding of a cell-surface
protein to its counterpart on an adjoining cell's surface. A growth inhibiting signal is
sent to both cells, preventing them from dividing. Certain external physical factors can
affect this inhibition mechanism.
Select the statement that makes a correct prediction about natural phenomena that could
occur during the cell cycle to prevent cell growth.
A) As cells become more numerous, they begin to squeeze against each other,
restricting their size and ability to allow cell growth.
B) As cells become more numerous, the protein kinases they produce begin to compete
with each other until only one cell has the proteins necessary for growth.
C) As cells become more numerous, the amount of required growth factors and
nutrients per cell becomes insufficient to allow for cell growth.
D) As cells become more numerous, more and more of them enter the synthesis part of
the cell cycle and duplicate DNA to inhibit cell growth.
Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different
alleles. How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors _____.
A) are only weakly influenced by genes
B) occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals
C) are limited to invertebrate animals
D) are expressed in most individuals in a population
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on
the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is _____.
A) TTT
B) UUA
C) UUU
D) AAA
A cleavage furrow is _____.
A) a ring of vesicles forming a cell plate
B) the separation of divided prokaryotes
C) a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei
D) the space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase
The figure below shows the pedigree for a family. Dark-shaded symbols represent
individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the
symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. Males are represented by
squares, females by circles.
From this pedigree, this trait seems to be inherited _____.
A) from mothers
B) as an autosomal recessive
C) as a result of epistasis
D) as an autosomal dominant
The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important concept in our understanding of cellular
metabolism in general because it explains _____.
A) how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force
B) how electron transport can fuel substrate-level phosphorylation
C) the sequence of the electron transport chain molecules
D) the reduction of oxygen to water in the final steps of oxidative metabolism
Based on the data in the figure above, which of the following statements are correct?
I) Area 1 would be considered a desert because of its high average temperature.
II) Area 1 has more average precipitation than Area 2.
III) Area 2 would be considered a desert because of its low average precipitation.
IV) Area 2 has a larger annual temperature variation.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and IV
D) only II, III, and IV
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the
enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding
decreases the activity of the enzyme.
With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as _____.
A) an allosteric inhibitor
B) the substrate
C) an intermediate
D) a competitive inhibitor
Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this
imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
D) They have branching veins in their leaves.
In the figure above, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal
may lay many eggs, of which a regular number die each year on a logarithmic scale?
A) curve A
B) curve B
C) curve C
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil
surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts
for the fungal movement, as described here?
A) karyogamy
B) mycelial flagella
C) breezes distributing spores
D) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of
normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin
pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino?
A) 0
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1
The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.
A) enantiomers
B) structural isomers
C) cis-trans isomers
D) chain length isomers
Rhodopsins are light-sensitive molecules composed of a protein (opsin) and retinal
(derivative of vitamin A). Opsin is a membrane protein with several α-helical segments
that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane. There are two classes of
rhodopsins. According to Oded Beje, one class has relatively slow dynamics (a
photocycle of approximately 0.5 second) and is well suited for light detection. The
second class has faster dynamics (a photocycle of approximately 0.02 seconds) and is
well suited for chemiosmosis: pumping of protons or chloride ions across cell
membranes. Oded Beje was the first, in September 2000, to report on a rhodopsin
(proteorhodopsin) found in the domain Bacteria. [SOURCE: O. Beje et al., Science 289
(2000): 1902.]
All of the following contain amino acids EXCEPT_____.
A) hemoglobin
B) cholesterol
C) enzymes
D) insulin
Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a
particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles,
to answer the question(s) below.
Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
What is true of the Cambrian explosion?
A) There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian
explosion.
B) Only the fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the
Cambrian explosion.
C) The Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth.
D) The Cambrian explosion marks the appearance of filter-feeding animals in the fossil
record.
Many terrestrial arthropods exchange gases with their environments by using tracheae,
tubes that lead from openings (called spiracles) in the animal's exoskeleton or cuticle
directly to the animal's tissues. Some arthropods can control whether their spiracles are
opened or closed; opening the spiracles allows the carbon dioxide produced in the
tissues to travel down the tracheae and be released outside the animal. Klok et al.
measured the carbon dioxide emitted over time (represented by ) by several
species of centipedes. The figure below presents graphs of their results for two species,
Cormocephalus morsitans and Scutigerina weberi. (C. J. Klok, R. D. Mercer, and S. L.
Chown. 2002. Discontinuous gas-exchange in centipedes and its convergent evolution
in tracheated arthropods. Journal of Experimental Biology 205:1019-29.) Copyright
2002 The Company of Biologists and the Journal of Experimental Biology.
Look at the graph for Cormocephalus morsitans in the figure above. What is the best
interpretation of these results?
A) The centipede had its spiracles open the entire time.
B) The centipede had its spiracles closed the entire time.
C) The centipede had its spiracles open when carbon dioxide (CO2) emission peaked
and closed when CO2 emission was low.
D) The centipede had its spiracles closed when carbon dioxide (CO2) emission peaked
and open when CO2 emission was low.
Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains
of a previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the
Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 meter tall)
with small braincases (approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other
hominins. The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools
and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H.
floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much
larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains
were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago.
Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. It is speculated that H.
floresiensis and H. sapiens may have lived on Flores concurrently. Suppose researchers
obtained mitochondrial DNA samples from the H. floresiensis remains, amplified a
1000-base-pair sequence via PCR, and compared it to that of several currently living H.
sapiens native to Indonesia, North Africa, and North America. Also suppose H.
floresiensis were found to differ from the average Indonesian H. sapiens in 28 base
pairs, from the average North African H. sapiens in 51 base pairs, and from the average
North American H. sapiens in 53 base pairs, while two randomly selected H. sapiens
differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs. What would you surmise from
these data?
A) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably did not live on Flores concurrently.
B) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently but did not
interact.
C) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently, and H. sapiens
killed and consumed H. floresiensis.
D) H. floresiensis and H. sapiens probably lived on Flores concurrently and interbred to
some degree.
What provides the energy for the polymerization reactions in DNA synthesis?
A) ATP
B) DNA polymerase
C) breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands
D) the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate substrates
Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency,
causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of
childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?
A) positive feedback
B) negative feedback
C) feedback inhibition
D) enzymatic catalysis
What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?
A) The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
B) A triploid zygote is formed.
C) Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
D) Two embryos develop in every seed.
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by
enzymes contained in _____.
A) lysosomes
B) Golgi vesicles
C) vacuoles
D) secretory vesicles
A research team began a study of a cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations
showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition or
anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away?
A) The cells are unable to form spindle microtubules.
B) They have altered the series of cell cycle phases.
C) The cells show characteristics of tumors.
D) They were originally derived from an elderly organism.
A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte,
chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a
phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful?
A) endosperm
B) seeds
C) flowers
D) spores
