The stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form
A) gastric juice.
B) a parietal bolus.
C) gastrin.
D) chyme.
You arrive at your office and are startled by the sounds of building construction outside
your window. As you settle in to your work for the day, you forget about the
construction noises. When a visitor comes to your office later that day, the first thing
she comments on is how disruptive the construction noise must be to your
concentration. You realize that you have not even noticed it for over an hour. This is due
to
A) sensory transduction.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) resting potential.
D) action potential firing.
Which of the following brain regions controls the secretion of pituitary hormones and
exerts direct control over many other aspects of homeostasis?
A) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum
Speciation has occurred when
A) two populations of organisms have been separated for a very long time.
B) a change in allele frequency has occurred.
C) organisms of one population do not recognize the mating call of another population
and so mating does not occur.
D) offspring of mating from members of two different populations are able to mate with
members of either population.
It is difficult to tell if a mushroom sticking out of the ground is a living, reproducing
organism. Which of the following would be the best evidence to demonstrate that
mushrooms are living, reproducing organisms?
A) flagellated sperm
B) pollen
C) lignin
D) spore production and dispersal
Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms?
A) dissolved in the blood
B) dissolved in red blood cells
C) bound to hemoglobin
D) bound to dissolved iron
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Bipedalism is one of the most important characteristics of hominin evolution. The
appearance of bipedalism led to anatomical changes that are considered to be
distinguishing characteristics of hominin fossils. The evidence for bipedalism is
supported by fossil evidence from more than 4 million years ago and
3.6-million-year-old footprints in volcanic ash.
Recently, however, scientists have focused on the link between tooth structure and diet
in the evolution of the early hominins, specifically in Australopithecus species. Detailed
studies of hominin dental features have provided evidence of an important dietary shift
that led to adaptive radiation within this genus. Most of the evidence comes from
analyses of tooth size and shape, microscopic wear patterns on teeth, and jaw structure.
The evidence suggests that fibrous plant materials became more important through the
Pliocene, perhaps as critical components in the diet of some species.
What is the most likely evolutionary link between bipedalism and changes in the diet of
early hominids?
A) Bipedal species would be more likely to remain in one type of habitat.
B) Bipedalism led to new farming practices.
C) It is easier to escape predators with an upright posture.
D) The greater ability to move to new habitats facilitated exploitation of new foods.
Basic science discoveries often lead to the development of technology, and the
development of technology often leads to new scientific discoveries. Which of the
following is not an accurate pairing of a technology and a discovery?
A) measurement of atmospheric CO2 and understanding of climate change
B) sequencing of genomes and understanding evolutionary relationships among
organisms
C) genetic engineering and creation of new drugs
D) invention of the microscope and creation of evolutionary trees
Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level
rises, the level of sugar goes back down?
A) the use of the sugar for energy by your cells
B) a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
C) type II diabetes
D) a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback
Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a
female fruit fly because
A) males are haploid.
B) the male’s phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
C) the male chromosome is more fragile than the female chromosome.
D) the male chromosome is more susceptible to mutations.
Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the
following statements about these substances is true?
A) Both of these substances are strong acids.
B) The ammonia has 10 times as many OH– ions as the bleach.
C) The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach.
D) A solution that could buffer the bleach and ammonia would remove excess OH– ions.
A cocklebur is dispersed by ________, whereas most fleshy, edible fruits are eaten by
animals that ________.
A) wind; fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are killed
B) water currents; defecate the intact seeds
C) hitching rides on animals; fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are
killed
D) hitching rides on animals; defecate the intact seeds
The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is
called
A) glycolysis.
B) photosynthesis.
C) fermentation.
D) cellular respiration.
Below are two statements. Which (if any) applies to the law of segregation? Which (if
any) applies to the law of independent assortment?
I: Phenotypes for long tails and big eyes are inherited separately in lab mice.
II: A baby mouse inherits a maternal red eye allele and a paternal black eye allele.
A) A: segregation; B: independent assortment
B) A: independent assortment; B: segregation
C) A: segregation; B: segregation
D) A: independent assortment; B: independent assortment
Which H+ has just passed through the inner mitochondrial membrane by diffusion?
A) hydrogen ion A
B) hydrogen ion B
C) hydrogen ion C
D) hydrogen ion D
Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
A) a particular amino acid sequence
B) an alpha helix
C) a globular shape
D) the joining of two polypeptide chains
Bush beans grow as small bushes rather than as vines because their internodes are short
and they branch close to the apical meristem. Which of the following substances, if
applied to a bush bean, might cause it to grow as a vine?
A) a cytokinin
B) a gibberellin
C) abscisic acid
D) ethylene
A cell has a mutation in both alleles of its p53 gene that causes the p53 protein to be
three times as effective as normal. What do you predict would happen to this cell?
A) The cell would divide three times as fast and would lead to cancer.
B) The cell would divide into six daughter cells instead of two and would lead to
cancer.
C) The cell would divide with mutated DNA and would lead to cancer.
D) The cell would divide normally or possibly not at all.
The data provide evidence for which of the following?
A) The copper removal percentage was approximately doubled by the presence of the
plants used to remediate the soil.
B) Before restoration efforts, there was twice as much lead in the soil as cadmium.
C) Phytoremediation is especially effective at removing zinc from the soil.
D) The most toxic product in the soil is lead.
At a chiasma, two ________ are attached to each other.
A) homologous or nonsister chromatids
B) homologous or sister chromatids
C) nonhomologous chromosomes
D) daughter cells
When full, the innermost electron shell of argon contains ________ electrons, and the
outermost shell contains ________ electrons.
A) 2; 2
B) 2; 8
C) 4; 8
D) 8; 8
How can a phylogenetic tree be used to make predictions?
A) Current trends of evolution will continue into the future. Complex models can be
used to accurately predict future branching patterns and the nature of future adaptations.
B) Features shared between two groups are likely to have been present in their common
ancestor.
C) Features found in one clade are likely to be found in other clades inhabiting different
environments.
D) An existing organism’s characteristics can be confidently assumed to fit the patterns
in the tree. This procedure eliminates the need to collect data about organisms through
direct observation or sampling.
A solution with a pH of 7 is
A) strongly acidic.
B) weakly acidic.
C) neutral.
D) weakly basic.
Which of the following statements about proto-oncogenes is false?
A) Proto-oncogenes are normal genes with the potential to become oncogenes.
B) Many proto-oncogenes code for growth factors.
C) A mutation must occur in a cell’s DNA for a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene.
D) If a proto-oncogene’s gene product is produced in smaller quantities, a cell may
become cancerous.
The tallest plant on Earth is
A) a 500-foot kelp living off the coast of California.
B) a 379-foot redwood tree in California.
C) a 740-foot white oak tree in Illinois.
D) a giant seed fern in southern Peru.
Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous?
A) purple-flowered plants in the P generation
B) white-flowered plants in the P generation
C) purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
D) purple-flowered plants in the F2 generation
Cells acquire low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by
A) diffusion.
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
C) pinocytosis.
D) phagocytosis.
Most of the animals alive today
A) are vertebrates.
B) are invertebrates.
C) are choanoflagellates.
D) are really colonies of protist cells.
What change is occurring in this figure?
A) Chlorine is losing an electron.
B) Sodium is becoming negatively charged.
C) Sodium is filling its third electron shell.
D) Chlorine is filling its third electron shell.
Which of the following plants has a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed, but no
fruit?
A) fern
B) pine tree
C) tulip
D) moss
Which of the following substances is made of lipids?
A) DNA
B) cellulose
C) steroids
D) enzymes
Which type of vascular tissue cell in a plant is dead at maturity?
A) vessel elements
B) companion cells
C) sieve-tube cells
D) parenchyma cells
What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain
themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?
A) chemotrophs
B) heterotrophs
C) synthesizers
D) autotrophs