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Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?
A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia
B) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats
C) molecular sequences
D) bones of extinct whales
Natalie is lethargic, has poor tolerance to cold, and the amount of thyroid hormone in
her body is low even though the level of TSH is high. Natalie has a goiter. Which of
these diagnoses is the most likely for Natalie's condition?
A) defective thyroid hormone receptors in the body cells
B) insufficient iodine in the diet
C) defective receptors for thyroid hormone control by the anterior pituitary
D) too much iodine in the diet
Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists
believe that we are at the start of a sixth mass extinction?
A) decrease in biodiversity
B) decrease in fossil discoveries
C) decrease in allopatric species
D) decrease in hybrid fertility
Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?
A) jogging
B) spending less time in the sun
C) a diet low in plant fiber
D) quitting smoking
Where does the embryo normally implant?
A) in the oviduct
B) in the corpus luteum
C) in the follicle of the ovary
D) in the endometrium of the uterus
Examine the two squirrel populations in the following figure. The populations are
separated by a geographic barrier. If after a long period of time the two species are no
longer separated, what evidence is needed to determine if speciation has occurred?
A) Hybrid offspring of the two populations begin to appear.
B) The two populations are not interbreeding freely.
C) One species will increase into a population size twice as large as the other species.
D) Polyploidy is creating new species.
Please refer to the following art of the cross-sections of two trees to answer the
following questions.
How old are these trees?
A) 3.5 years old
B) 7 years old
C) 14 years old
D) 28 years old
What hypothesis did Luis and Walter Alvarez test in relation to the mass extinction of
dinosaurs 65 million years ago (MYA)?
A) The mass extinction 65 MYA was caused by a surge of catastrophic cyclones.
B) The mass extinction 65 MYA was caused by a slow but steady increase in climate
temperatures.
C) The mass extinction 65 MYA was caused by an impact of an extraterrestrial object.
D) The mass extinction 65 MYA was caused by the loss of preferred plants for food.
In the following equation, lactose is a ________.
galactose + glucose → lactose + water
A) nucleic acid
B) fatty acid
C) disaccharide
D) dipeptide
Long, snowy winters as well as evergreen trees such as pine and fir are found in
________.
A) chaparral
B) temperate broadleaf forests
C) coniferous forests
D) temperate grasslands
To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ________.
A) DNA ligase
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA polymerase
D) lysozyme
Read the following scenario to answer the questions that follow.
In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test
called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow,
circular, transparent dish with a flat lid) is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a
gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The
agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar
is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar.
Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small saturated
paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 2448 hours and then observed for
susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area
called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the
source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the
zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to
antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the
standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider
the following image, and answer the questions that follow:
After 1 year of widely prescribed use, reports surface that bacterial infections disappear
for up to 2 weeks after taking the prescribed antibiotic but then reappear, sometimes
worse than the first time. Which of the following explanations might the FDA use to
defend their choice of antibiotic to treat the infection?
A) Patients are not taking the antibiotic for the length of time prescribed and so
selection for resistant bacteria that can survive a limited course of antibiotic is
occurring.
B) Stabilizing selection over the year has allowed for the bacteria to remain at a high
level in patients' bodies.
C) Patients' bodies are evolving over the year to create environments that are friendly to
the growth of the bacteria.
D) Sexual dimorphism allowed for larger bacteria cells to outcompete smaller ones,
therefore enabling larger bacteria cells to continue to multiply.
Which of the following is(are) mostly involved in a long-lasting response to stress?
A) mineralocorticoids
B) glucocorticoids
C) androgens
D) oxytocin
Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ________ ATP per glucose.
A) 0
B) 2
C) 10
D) 38
Which structure exerts primary control over the concentration of sugar in the blood?
A) liver
B) pituitary
C) pineal
D) pancreas
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Birds are a widespread group of animals with approximately 10,000 different species
found throughout the world today. Because they are relatively easy to find and so
visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many other groups of
animals. They are also valuable biological indicators because many species live in
different habitats during different times of the year and cover long migration routes.
According to the World Conservation Union, extinction threatens over 1,200 bird
species today, and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered
species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling,
with only 12 wild individuals left. In Hawaii, the last captive po'ouli died in 2005, and
the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen since 20032004. Common
birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations
declined by at least 1 percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can
serve as a warning. Habitat loss through destruction, degradation, and fragmentation are
serious problems that affect 86 percent of threatened birds and are exacerbated by
unsustainable forestry practices and intensifying agriculture. All of this shows that
conservation of habitats is critical if many of the world's bird species are going to be
saved from extinction in the near future.
Approximately what percent of bird species are threatened with extinction today?
A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 25%
D) 45%
Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following
questions.
How many servings of bread would an average person have to eat in order to get the
FDA Daily Value of the water-soluble vitamin needed for reducing the risk of birth
defects?
A) 50
B) 25
C) 17
D) Bread does not contain this vitamin.
Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding
medium tend to ________.
A) stay about the same size and shape
B) expand
C) shrink
D) divide
Which of the following best describes the condition in which the terminal bud of many
plants produces hormones that inhibit growth of axillary buds?
A) biennial
B) secondary growth
C) apical dominance
D) germination
Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions?
A) C6H12O6
B) CO2
C) NADPH
D) H2O
C4 plants conserve water by ________.
A) shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem
B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry
C) growing very deep roots
D) running the Calvin cycle at night
Swim bladders ________.
A) contain the gills
B) are required for fish to exchange gases with the surrounding water
C) are present in both bony and cartilaginous fishes
D) help bony fish maintain buoyancy
In a human female reproductive system, the ________.
A) hymen partly covers the cervical opening
B) vagina secretes hormones that help maintain the uterine lining
C) labia minora are a pair of thick, fatty ridges that protect the entire genital region
D) outer features are collectively called the vulva
Which of these is a community?
A) all of the Staphylococcus aureus (a species of bacteria living on your skin
B) all of the organisms living in your home
C) all of the people living in your neighborhood
D) all of the nut grass (considered a weed) in your backyard
The figure below shows plants grown in the dark, and illustrates ________ in plants.
A) photoperiod
B) gravitropism
C) thigmotropism
D) phototropism
In phytoremediation, plants are used to remove ________ and ________ from the soil.
A) carbon" heavy metals
B) radioactive isotopes" heavy metals
C) nitrogen" phosphorus
D) water" sulfur
________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
A) Steroids
B) Fatty acids
C) Starches
D) Phospholipids
________ include cells that can function either independently or as a single unit.
A) Dinoflagellates
B) Forams
C) Seaweeds
D) Cellular slime molds
Which of the following is associated with sexual reproduction?
A) fission, only
B) fragmentation, only
C) budding, only
D) None of these are associated with sexual reproduction.
Which of the following is responsible for the increase in girth (width) of trees?
A) primary growth
B) secondary growth
C) growth in apical meristems
D) an increase in the width of vessel elements
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