During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the
formation of the water come from?
A) carbon dioxide (CO2)
B) glucose (C6H12O6)
C) molecular oxygen (O2)
D) pyruvate (C3H3O3
–)
Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a
state with _____.
A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____.
A) act independently of their receptor proteins
B) close potassium channels
C) open sodium channels
D) hyperpolarize the membrane
The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s).
A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid
at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in
midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on
oak flowers and look like oak flowers. But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on
oak leaves and look like oak twigs.
How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on
the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from
the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female
into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female
were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below.
In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other
oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments 2 diets).
Refer to the accompanying figure. In every case, caterpillars that feed on oak flowers
look like oak flowers. In every case, caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked
like twigs. These results support which of the following hypotheses?
A) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.
B) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different
types of caterpillars.
C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.
D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars
or all twig-like caterpillars.
Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called _____.
A) autotrophy
B) heterotrophy
C) search scavenging
D) optimal foraging
In eukaryotes, general transcription factors _____
A) bind to other proteins or to the TATA box
B) inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and begin transcribing
C) usually lead to a high level of transcription even without additional specific
transcription factors
D) bind to sequences just after the start site of transcription
The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____.
A) ecdysteroid
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) growth hormone
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which
evolutionary sequence?
A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants
B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants
C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants
D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants
The importance of computers and of computer software to modern cladistics is most
closely linked to advances in _____.
A) light microscopy
B) radiometric dating
C) fossil discovery techniques
D) molecular genetics
Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of _____.
A) plasmid replication
B) bacterial cell replication
C) transformation
D) plasmid and bacterial cell replication
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by
bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The
bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial
DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also
methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in
turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction
enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. The outcome of the conflict between
bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from _____.
A) frequency-dependent selection
B) evolutionary imbalance
C) heterozygote advantage
D) neutral variation
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer
do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male
competition is an example of _____.
A) convergent evolution
B) a synapomorphy
C) homology
D) parsimony
In the fall, the leaves of some trees change color. This happens because chlorophyll
breaks down and the accessory pigments become visible. What hormone is responsible
for this?
A) phototropin
B) abscisic acid
C) cytokinin
D) ethylene
Which habitat types in the figure above cover the largest area?
A) tropical wet forest plus the ocean neritic zone
B) open ocean
C) algal beds and reefs plus the ocean neritic zone
D) wetlands plus the ocean neritic zone
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis moves protons from the matrix into the intermembrane
space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis moves protons from the _____.
A) matrix to the stroma
B) stroma to the thylakoid space
C) intermembrane space to the matrix
D) thylakoid space to the stroma
Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from
working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by
the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to
degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____.
A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) peroxisomes
D) lysosomes
Given the parents AABBCc AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and
independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to
phenotypically resemble the first parent with genotype AABBCc?
A) 1/4
B) 3/4
C) 3/8
D) 1
Because they both produce a reverse transcriptase, long interspersed nuclear elements
(LINEs) as transposable elements may be related to _____.
A) plasmids
B) retroviruses
C) poliovirus
D) parasitic bacteria
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a
prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He
added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He
noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue
light.
An outcome of Engelmann’s experiment was to help determine the relationship between
_____.
A) wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration
B) wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released
C) wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis
D) the concentration of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis
DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells.
What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in
the DNA polymer being formed?
A) ribozymes
B) DNA polymerase
C) ATP
D) deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question(s) below.
The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium
channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label
_____.
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E
If you were to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium
of yeast growing in the laboratory, what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP
and carbon dioxide production?
A) There would be no change in ATP production, but we would observe an increased
rate of carbon dioxide production.
B) The rates of ATP production and carbon dioxide production would both increase.
C) The rate of ATP production would decrease, but the rate of carbon dioxide
production would increase.
D) Rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production would probably both decrease.
Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees
the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by _____.
A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies
B) performing a round dance
C) performing a waggle dance
D) visual cues
Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual
reproduction in plants?
A) increased success of progeny in a stable environment.
B) increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment.
C) maintenance and expansion of a large genome.
D) increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment.
Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question(s) below.
The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label _____.
A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to _____.
A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer
B) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy
C) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
D) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you
most likely expect to be the immediate consequence?
A) the loss of all nuclear function
B) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division
C) a change in the shape of the nucleus
D) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information
Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in a cell?
A) A
B) B and D
C) C and D
D) D
Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved
feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run
quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which
hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support? Feathers initially
evolved in a role associated with _____.
A) flight
B) insulation
C) sexual selection
D) gliding
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the
correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s).
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are _____.
A) follicular → luteal → secretory
B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory
C) follicular → ovulation → luteal
D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
A) ovule
B) ovary
C) stamen
D) carpel
Plant meristematic cells _____.
A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant
B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs
D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and
procambium
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.
A) the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood
B) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high
flow rate
C) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac
output than the right ventricle
D) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional
area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment
is termed _____.
A) balanced equilibrium
B) physiological chance
C) homeostasis
D) static equilibrium