In humans, which blood vessels have valves?
A) arteries in the neck
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) veins
Epithelial tissues
A) cause body movements.
B) cover both external and internal body surfaces.
C) sense stimuli.
D) form a framework that supports the body.
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
All apples in the United States, regardless of variety or where they’re purchased, are
produced by cloning. For more than 2,000 years, apple growers around the world have
used a type of cloning called grafting to produce larger, better-tasting apples. Why has
cloning become the primary method of apple growing? Apples grown from seeds
usually don’t produce apples with the same taste and appearance as that of the parent
tree because there’s a high degree of genetic variability among the seeds. Making
identical genetic copies of the preferred fruit is the only way to get reliable apple
quality.
In grafting, the shoots and branches of the desired fruit, called a scion, are attached onto
the trunk and root system of a previously existing tree, called the rootstock. Both
components of the graft are needed because the rootstock controls gene expression in
the scion, triggering production of apples that match the cloned scion.
Grafting research can be used to produce some interesting tree combinations that are
beneficial for intensive agriculture. For example, if you graft the root of a small tree
variety, such as the crab apple, onto the shoot from a larger apple tree, such as the Gala,
you can produce Gala apples on a much smaller tree. Other scientists are trying to
create disease-resistant varieties that would need fewer pesticides. This is beneficial for
the environment and also lowers the price of apples in the grocery store.
Half the trees in an orchard were derived from rootstock “A” and half from rootstock
“B,” but all the trees had the same scion. If the trees grafted onto rootstock “A” were
infected by a parasite that causes blossom rot, the trees grafted onto rootstock “B”
A) would be less likely to become infected because they’re grafted onto different
rootstocks.
B) would be more likely to become infected, since the pathogen would spread through
the soil to the roots of other trees.
C) would be very likely to become infected, because the remaining scions are
genetically identical to those that are already infected.
D) There’s no way to determine the likelihood of infection, since genetic variability
gives all the trees different characteristics.
In which part of this figure would blood have the lowest oxygen content?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ________ and ________ of the
fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.
A) imaging; karyotyping
B) sexing; imaging
C) karyotyping; biochemical testing
D) direct observation; biochemical testing
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Fred is a 24-year-old college student whose father was just diagnosed with
cardiovascular disease. Since he knows that these problems often run in families, Fred
has asked his doctor to recommend a plan so that he can minimize his risk of
developing similar problems. The following are a few of the doctor’s recommendations:
quit smoking, exercise for at least 30 minutes per day, reduce saturated fats and trans
fats in his diet, and increase the number of fruits and vegetables in his diet.
Which of the following would match his doctor’s recommendations?
A) Eat fewer foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
B) Eat fewer foods that contain antioxidants.
C) Avoid cooking with olive oil.
D) Switch to a low-carb diet.
Silicon is an element that is found directly underneath carbon in the periodic table. How
many electrons are in the valence shell of a silicon atom?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
A pair of sex chromosomes found in a human male is most like
A) a pair of blue jeans.
B) a bride and groom.
C) a knife, fork, and spoon.
D) identical twins.
Bats and marine mammals are well-known examples of animals that produce
high-frequency sound waves beyond the range of human hearing. The high-frequency
waves are used for echolocation, the process of emitting high-frequency sound waves
and using both the time it takes for the waves to bounce back to the caller and the
direction from which the waves return to the caller to locate distant objects. Research
has shown that bats can send and receive sounds as high as 100,000 Hertz (Hz).
On the other hand, several mammals, such as elephants and whales, produce extremely
low-frequency sounds. Elephant calls range from 5 to 50 Hz. Low-frequency sounds
have long wavelengths, which means they are less likely to be distorted or interrupted
by features in the environment. In favorable weather conditions, low-frequency sound
waves can be transmitted over several kilometers.
What advantage does the extended hearing range of elephants provide?
A) ability to communicate with other species with extended hearing ranges
B) ability to locate obstacles in their migration routes
C) ability to communicate with other elephants long distances away
D) advance warning to take shelter when storms are coming
Adult stem cells have limited therapeutic potential
A) because they are fully differentiated.
B) because they lack a complete set of genes.
C) due to their excessive numbers in tissues.
D) because their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues.
A vasectomy is a form of male sterilization in which each vas deferens is cut, but most
of the male’s reproductive physiology remains intact. Which of the following will not
continue to occur in a male who has had a vasectomy?
A) Sperm will be produced in the seminiferous tubules.
B) Seminal fluid will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm.
C) Glandular secretions will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm.
D) Sperm will be ejaculated from the penis during orgasm.
In terms of global air circulation, the tropics are a region where air
A) descends and warms, dropping rain.
B) rises and warms, creating an arid belt.
C) rises and cools, creating an arid belt.
D) rises and cools, dropping rain.
Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which light must
pass on its way to the retina of the human eye?
A) pupil, cornea, aqueous humor, lens
B) lens, aqueous humor, pupil, cornea
C) cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens
D) cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, lens
A woman running a marathon collapses at the finish line and is rushed to the hospital.
The physicians determine that she has lost a large amount of water and salts from
excessive sweating. Which of the following would be an appropriate course of action?
A) Determine the woman’s intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid
replacement therapy that will regain isotonic conditions of salt and water.
B) Determine the woman’s intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid
replacement therapy that will regain hypertonic conditions of salt and water.
C) Determine the woman’s intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid
replacement therapy that will regain hypotonic conditions of salt and water.
D) Determine the woman’s intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid
replacement therapy that will provide a measure of metabolic heat production.
What kind of entity is a lichen?
A) an association between a fungus and a brown alga
B) an association between a multicellular protist related to the brown algae and a
bacterium
C) an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae
D) an association between a bryophyte and a fungus
Researchers have created a robot that has a very thin leg that is moved by cardiac
(heart) cells contracting in unison. The robot, made of a polymer similar to that used in
making contact lenses, is bathed in heart cells with supporting fibroblasts, which then
attach to the robot and provide movement as they contract.
The robot’s cardiac cells, working together in synchrony, could be considered at what
level in life’s hierarchy of organization?
A) organism
B) organelle
C) tissue
D) organ system
Someone diagnosed with meningitis has inflamed membranes that cover and protect the
brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is a result of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that
cause extreme infections when their bacterial cell wall dies and lipopolysaccharide (a
lipid and polysaccharide) is released. The lipopolysaccharide is an example of a/an
A) endotoxin.
B) exotoxin.
C) stomach microbiota.
D) parasite.