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Which of the following structures is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a
eudicot such as the garden bean?
A) the embryonic shoot hook
B) cotyledons
C) the embryonic root
D) the shoot sheath
Which of the following statements regarding compound eyes is true?
A) Compound eyes have one light-focusing lens.
B) Compound eyes are poor motion detectors.
C) Most insect compound eyes provide excellent color vision.
D) Compound eyes can perceive only visible light.
Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?
A) The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is much lower
than that in the surrounding water.
B) The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is higher than that
in the surrounding environment.
C) Saltwater fish produce large amounts of diluted urine.
D) Saltwater fish must visit freshwater streams and rivers entering the ocean to
maintain the correct concentration of solutes in their internal fluids.
Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure
characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures
both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person
first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air
volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as
hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a
graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for
assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung
conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema.
A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs
between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal
exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F.
For this data set, what is the residual volume?
A) 500 mL
B) 1,200 mL
C) 2,300 mL
D) 2,800 mL
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.
B) is used to manufacture glucose.
C) is released all at once.
D) is carried by electrons.
Complete the analogy: ________ are to plant evolution as ________ is/are to vertebrate
evolution.
A) Ferns; insects
B) Mosses; Tiktaalik
C) Angiosperms; fungi
D) Fungi; birds
Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary adaptation that decreases
herbivory?
A) Plants of the milkweed family produce a toxin that Monarch butterflies can store in
their bodies.
B) Corn plants attacked by herbivores release an airborne chemical that turns on
defensive genes in nearby corn plants.
C) Caterpillars that feed on plants tend to be green.
D) Damaged, partially eaten leaves can seal off the damaged area by hardening cell
walls.
While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an
umbrella-shaped, translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles
trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! You feel a burning sensation where
it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong?
A) Porifera
B) Cnidaria
C) Platyhelminthes
D) Mollusca
Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for
A) exchanging materials by diffusion.
B) lining our lungs.
C) lining body surfaces subject to abrasion.
D) secreting mucus.
Foreign genes can be inserted into a single plant cell that is then cultured to produce
A) a genetically modified plant.
B) genetically modified seeds.
C) a new plant species.
D) clones of the organisms from which the genes were taken.
CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed by ________ and converted into biomass.
A) the ozone layer
B) other atmosphere gases
C) photosynthetic organisms
D) large land masses
A cell is expressing the mutant form of ras, but one of the downstream relay proteins is
not present because of another mutation. How will cell division be affected in this
scenario?
A) Cell division will decrease because the mutant form of ras decreases cell division.
B) Cell division will increase because the mutant form of ras increases cell division.
C) The cell will divide normally.
D) The cell will not divide at all unless other proteins that stimulate cell division are
present.
Contractile vacuoles
A) are generally found in protists that inhabit salt water.
B) help in the excretion of excess salt.
C) prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water.
D) allow organisms to avoid dehydration by absorbing water from the environment.
When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins
A) are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis.
B) are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
C) donate electrons directly to the electron transport chain.
D) are hydrolyzed to glucose and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid
cycle.
Consider the following food label and then answer the questions that follow.
Krispy Krackers 100-Calorie Pouches
You are trying to cut down on the number of dessert foods that you eat as one effort
toward losing weight. You don't feel ready to cut all sweets from your diet, so you
decide to buy a dessert snack item that comes in small packages (hoping that the
smaller amount will satisfy your cravings for sweet foods). In the grocery store, you
study the label above for 100-calorie pouches of Krispy Krackers.
What percentage of the daily value of water-soluble vitamins is provided by this
package of cookies?
A) 0%
B) 2%
C) 3%
D) 4%
Which of the following animals has a three-chambered heart?
A) snake
B) crocodile
C) human
D) bird
As blood moves away from the heart toward the tissues, the relative size of blood
vessels ________, the blood pressure ________, and the velocity of blood flow
________.
A) decreases; drops; slows
B) decreases; increases; increases
C) decreases; drops; increases
D) increases; drops; slows
Which part of the nephron shown is its proximal tubule?
A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D
Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?
A) the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish
B) the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale
C) the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird
D) the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly
The discovery of ________ explains embryonic pattern formation in a wide variety of
organisms.
A) the three-dimensional forms of animals
B) gastrulation
C) homeotic genes
D) programmed cell death
Complete the analogy: A cuticle is to a nematode as a/an ________ is to a/an ________.
A) sock; shoe
B) raincoat; human
C) collar; dog
D) earring; ear
If you cut off the top of a carrot and place it in water to see if you can get it to grow
new roots, you should add
A) more than 10-2 g/L of auxin.
B) approximately 10-8 g/L of auxin.
C) at least 10-6 g/L of auxin.
D) equal amounts of auxin and cytokinin.
Suppose you use a dissecting microscope to observe organisms that have colonized
discs of densely packed, fibrous wood (Masonite plates) that have been submerged in 6
inches of lake water for eight weeks. You see insect cases (protective shelters), insect
larvae, and newly emerged insects with wings. You determine that you are looking at an
insect species
A) that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis.
B) that undergoes complete metamorphosis.
C) with a body plan of radial symmetry.
D) with complete digestive tracts.
Sympatric speciation commonly occurs through ________ in plants but is more likely
to occur through ________ in animals.
A) polyploidy; habitat differentiation and sexual selection
B) habitat differentiation and sexual selection; polyploidy
C) asexual reproduction; chromosome duplications
D) self-pollination; polyploidy and other genetic mechanisms
Mature human nerve cells and muscle cells
A) become cancerous more easily than other cell types.
B) continue to divide throughout their lifetime.
C) are permanently in a state of nondivision.
D) cease dividing after a predetermined number of cell generations.
What would happen if the chorion failed to secrete human chorionic gonadotropin?
A) The maternal elements of the placenta would fail to develop.
B) The fetal elements of the placenta would fail to develop.
C) Neural tube formation would not occur, and the embryo would have no central
nervous system.
D) The embryo would be aborted.
A woman sustains irreversible damage to one of her lungs in a fire. Her identical twin
sister, who lives in another state, offers to donate one of her lungs to her injured sibling.
Would physicians view this as an organ transplant surgery with a strong chance of
success?
A) Yes; the identical twins would have highly similar self-proteins, and this would
likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
B) Yes; the identical twins would have highly different self-proteins, and this would
likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
C) No; the identical twins would have highly similar self-proteins, and this would likely
minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
D) No; the identical twins would have highly different self-proteins, and this would
likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its
A) ribosomes.
B) nucleus.
C) nucleoid region.
D) capsule.
In the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the
A) stomach.
B) pancreas.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
Substrates bind to an enzyme's ________ site.
A) allosteric
B) inhibitory
C) phosphate
D) active
Recent studies suggest that flame retardants, chemicals that are used for slow burning,
can mimic estrogen hormones found in the human body. The scientists investigating
this phenomenon developed three-dimensional images to show how the chemical
structure of certain flame retardants allows the retardants to bind to and inhibit an
enzyme (estrogen sulfotransferase) that metabolizes estrogen.
Suppose the scientists want to conduct a study of the effects of flame retardants on
estrogen levels. In a hypothetical study, the scientists use frogs to test the effects of
flame retardants because the frogs' skin is highly permeable and therefore allows for
easy absorption of chemicals.
The scientists collected 20 wild adult frogs and brought them to a laboratory. Ten of the
frogs (group 1: five male and five female) were kept in tanks mimicking their natural
environment. The other ten frogs (group 2: five male, five female) were kept in tanks
identical to those of group 1 but were introduced to low amounts of flame retardants in
the shallow water in their tank. Estrogen levels were measured on the first day of the
experiment and then every 4 days for 20 days.
Why is group 1 needed in this experiment?
A) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for the experimental group.
B) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult males.
C) Group 1 is the standard of comparison for only adult females.
D) Group 1 allows for reliable comparison of all ages of female frogs in the study.
Asthenozoospermia is a medical condition that is characterized by reduced sperm
motility. What structure of the sperm is likely affected in a man who has
asthenozoospermia?
A) acrosome
B) head
C) middle piece
D) flagellum
The text describes how emperor penguins use a huddling behavior to conduct heat
efficiently. Similarly, honeybees conduct heat within their hives by huddling together
and then changing positions from the center of the huddle to the edges in order to keep
heat circulating. When it is warm, however, the bees transport water into their hives and
then beat their wings in order to make ________ cooling possible.
A) conductive and convective
B) isotonic and convective
C) evaporative and convective
D) evaporative and conductive
Cave-dwelling catfish and cave-dwelling salamanders share striking similarities: Both
organisms lack pigmentation, and their eyes are reduced or absent. The most recent
common ancestor to these organisms had normal pigmentation and fully developed
eyes. The similarities between cave catfish and cave salamanders are an example of
A) convergent homology.
B) analogy (convergent evolution).
C) homology.
D) exaptation.
