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After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
All apples in the United States, regardless of variety or where they're purchased, are
produced by cloning. For more than 2,000 years, apple growers around the world have
used a type of cloning called grafting to produce larger, better-tasting apples. Why has
cloning become the primary method of apple growing? Apples grown from seeds
usually don't produce apples with the same taste and appearance as that of the parent
tree because there's a high degree of genetic variability among the seeds. Making
identical genetic copies of the preferred fruit is the only way to get reliable apple
quality.
In grafting, the shoots and branches of the desired fruit, called a scion, are attached onto
the trunk and root system of a previously existing tree, called the rootstock. Both
components of the graft are needed because the rootstock controls gene expression in
the scion, triggering production of apples that match the cloned scion.
Grafting research can be used to produce some interesting tree combinations that are
beneficial for intensive agriculture. For example, if you graft the root of a small tree
variety, such as the crab apple, onto the shoot from a larger apple tree, such as the Gala,
you can produce Gala apples on a much smaller tree. Other scientists are trying to
create disease-resistant varieties that would need fewer pesticides. This is beneficial for
the environment and also lowers the price of apples in the grocery store.
All of the trees in an orchard were derived from the same rootstock, but half had scion
"A" grafted and the other half had a different scion, scion "B," grafted. The trees that
were grafted with scion "A" developed large fruits. What characteristics do you think
the fruit from the trees that were grafted with scion "B" will have and why?
A) The fruits will be large because the trees share the same rootstock.
B) The fruits will be large because all scions produce the same kind of fruits.
C) The fruits will be small because the trees share the same rootstock.
D) There is not enough information to know what the fruit will look like
Muscles are connected to bones by
A) cartilage.
B) ligaments.
C) tendons.
D) myofibrils.
Which is the correct order of steps taken by B and T cells to defend against infection in
body fluids and cells?
1. B and T cells move to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other parts of the lymphatic
system.
2. B and T cells leave the bone marrow and thymus and move to the bloodstream.
3. B and T cells meet and begin to fight viruses or other infectious agents.
4. B and T cells develop antigen receptors.
A) 4, 2, 1, 3
B) 2, 4, 3, 1
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
fMRI technology can provide significant insights into brain function by
A) measuring areas of electronegativity.
B) detecting damaged areas of the brain.
C) measuring changes in blood oxygen usage at sites of brain activity.
D) showing the pathways of nerve impulses.
Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine?
A) cardiac muscle
B) nervous tissue
C) bone tissue
D) tendons
Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails?
A) apes
B) Old World monkeys
C) New World monkeys
D) lemurs
According to this figure, which organisms have the highest concentration of PCBs, and
why?
A) phytoplankton, because they are at the bottom of the food chain
B) herring gulls, because they are at the bottom of the food chain
C) herring gulls, because they are at the top of the food chain
D) smelt, because they are in the middle of the food chain
Which of the following flower parts produces female gametophytes?
A) anthers
B) ovules
C) stigmas
D) sepals
A material that must be ingested in preassembled form because the animal cannot
synthesize it is
A) an end product.
B) adenosine triphosphate.
C) glucose.
D) an essential nutrient.
The main function of the hindgut in the grasshopper is to
A) reabsorb water and compact wastes.
B) digest food.
C) absorb nutrients.
D) absorb vitamins and pulverize food.
Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?
A) 49%
B) 79%
C) 98.5%
D) 99.9%
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
All apples in the United States, regardless of variety or where they're purchased, are
produced by cloning. For more than 2,000 years, apple growers around the world have
used a type of cloning called grafting to produce larger, better-tasting apples. Why has
cloning become the primary method of apple growing? Apples grown from seeds
usually don't produce apples with the same taste and appearance as that of the parent
tree because there's a high degree of genetic variability among the seeds. Making
identical genetic copies of the preferred fruit is the only way to get reliable apple
quality.
In grafting, the shoots and branches of the desired fruit, called a scion, are attached onto
the trunk and root system of a previously existing tree, called the rootstock. Both
components of the graft are needed because the rootstock controls gene expression in
the scion, triggering production of apples that match the cloned scion.
Grafting research can be used to produce some interesting tree combinations that are
beneficial for intensive agriculture. For example, if you graft the root of a small tree
variety, such as the crab apple, onto the shoot from a larger apple tree, such as the Gala,
you can produce Gala apples on a much smaller tree. Other scientists are trying to
create disease-resistant varieties that would need fewer pesticides. This is beneficial for
the environment and also lowers the price of apples in the grocery store.
Why don't the grafted hybrids produce apples with a blend of traits from the scion and
the rootstock?
A) The rootstock suppresses activation of the scion genes, which alters fruit production.
B) The rootstock is unable to perform photosynthesis and so can't produce fruit.
C) Transplanted nuclei from scion cells regulate gene expression in the rootstock.
D) The rootstock regulates gene expression in the scion but contributes no genetic
information for fruit production.
Biotechnology companies sell kits that allow you to do PCR to amplify STR regions
from human blood samples that you have collected. What components would you
expect to find in the kit in order to be able to do successful PCR reactions?
A) human DNA polymerase, primers that flank STR regions
B) heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers that flank STR regions
C) human DNA polymerase, primers that flank STR regions, free nucleotides
D) heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers that flank STR regions, free nucleotides
Which part of a bone contains the cells that produce blood cells?
A) compact bone
B) cartilage
C) spongy bone
D) yellow bone marrow
Much of the intracellular structure of a eukaryote cell is involved in protein synthesis.
The figure shows the amounts of protein in cells at different parts of the cell cycle
between two cell divisions. G1 is a stage just after the cell has divided, and G2 is the
stage just before the cell divides again. S is a stage when the cell is synthesizing
material such as DNA, mitochondria, and other organelles.
The graph shows that
A) at any given time there are more cells in G2 than G1.
B) protein used in G1 is recycled to produce protein in S.
C) not all cells at any given stage have the same amount of protein.
D) protein levels in cells remain constant throughout the cell cycle.
There is a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in a cell such that the trp repressor
is unable to bind to the operator. If tryptophan is added to the cell, what will happen?
A) Tryptophan will bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will be produced.
B) Tryptophan will bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will not be produced.
C) Tryptophan will not bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will be produced.
D) Tryptophan will bind to the operator, and trp enzymes will be produced.
From a sociobiological perspective, altruism is a behavior that
A) does not have a genetic basis.
B) has the potential to enhance the altruist's fitness at a later point in time.
C) will always be selected against.
D) occurs only in the social insects.
A student taking a plant physiology class is interested in investigating what will happen
if the apical bud is removed from a growing plant and supplementary hormones are
introduced.
He set up his experiment with two groups of plants of the same species. In groups A and
B, the apical buds were removed and the cut apical ends were wrapped with
hormone-impregnated cotton. The plants were observed over a five-week period for
growth and development. In group A, many axillary buds and leaves appeared along the
sides of the stem, but the plants had minimal root growth. In group B, minimal growth
occurred in the shoot and roots, and no axillary buds formed.
What hormone was in the cotton used to wrap the apical ends of the group B plants?
A) cytokinin
B) giberellin
C) abscisic acid
D) auxin
Araschnia levana is a species of butterfly that breeds several times a year. It has two
distinctly colored pupae: Those that emerge in spring are orange and those that emerge
in summer are brown. The seasonal color variations in pupae mean that the pupae blend
into the colors in their environment. This is an example of
A) a threatened species.
B) an endemic species.
C) a keystone species.
D) phenotypic plasticity.
Which of the following statements regarding blood pressure is false?
A) Normal blood pressure for adult humans is usually at or below 120/80.
B) Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic pressure above 120 and/or diastolic
above 80.
C) High blood pressure can lead to an enlarged and weakened heart, increased risk of
heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.
D) The higher number in a blood pressure reading measures the force of a heart
contraction.
Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the
number of
A) gametes.
B) homologous chromosomes.
C) possible combinations of characteristics.
D) sex chromosomes.
The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of
A) a hinge joint.
B) a ligament.
C) a pivot joint.
D) a ball-and-socket joint.
Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as
A) migration.
B) restoration ecology.
C) bioremediation.
D) landscaping.
Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure
characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures
both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person
first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air
volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as
hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a
graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for
assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung
conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema.
A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs
between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal
exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F.
How is spirometry a potentially flawed experimental method to measure lung volume?
A) The test does not sample data for when the patient is breathing normally.
B) There is no way to calculate vital capacity using this method.
C) Patients with lung diseases or disorders cannot take spirometry tests.
D) The patient may be noncompliant and not put forth their best effort in the test.
Plants use sugars as
A) a fuel for photosynthesis.
B) a starting material for the Calvin cycle.
C) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis.
D) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic
molecules.
After reading the statement below, answer the questions that follow.
A leaf with a higher density of stomata can take up more CO2 and release more water
than a leaf with a lower density of stomata.
Consider two plant types:
1. Plants that grow in arid (dry) environments
2. Plants that grow in moist (e.g., wetland) environments
Which plant would you expect to have more stomata, and why?
A) the first type, because plants in arid environments need to release as much water as
possible
B) the first type, because plants in arid environments need to conserve as much water as
possible
C) the second type, because plants in moist environments need to conserve as much
water as possible
D) The two types should have equal numbers of stomata, because they both need to
maintain the same water balance in their cells.
In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele N
and lack of notches by a recessive allele n. Over many generations the proportion of
plants in the population with notched leaves increases. What is the most likely cause?
A) Dominant alleles generally increase in frequency over time.
B) The recessive alleles were all masked by the dominant alleles.
C) Directional selection favored plants with notched leaves.
D) Genetic drift caused a steady movement toward a greater proportion of plants with
notched leaves.
A researcher is investigating the ability of salmon to migrate thousands of miles in the
ocean yet return to the location where they were hatched to spawn. Data from
experiments suggest that more than one type of homing mechanism may be involved in
this behavior. When salmon arrive at a river mouth from the open sea, they appear to
use olfactory cues to find their home streams, but how do they find their way back to
the correct spot along the coastline from the open ocean?
Several experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that geomagnetic factors
(the influence of Earth's magnetic field) play a key role in the ability of salmon to find
the proper location along the coast. In one such experiment, salmon hatched in
Ketchikan, Alaska were subjected to the geomagnetic characteristics of a different
location on the Alaska Peninsula, Cold Bay. The fish were then released to determine to
which of the two locations they would return to spawn.
If the salmon return to spawn at Cold Bay, the behavior involved is primarily
________, but if they return to Ketchikan, the behavior is primarily ________.
A) proximate; ultimate
B) innate; learned
C) learned; innate
D) fixed; altruistic
When farsightedness develops with age (called presbyopia), the
A) lens becomes less elastic and so gradually loses its ability to focus on nearby
objects.
B) eyeball lengthens and so gradually loses its ability to focus on objects that are far
away.
C) lens becomes more elastic and so gradually loses its ability to focus on nearby
objects.
D) eyeball lengthens and so gradually loses its ability to focus on nearby objects.
The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation occurs in the
A) Southern Hemisphere.
B) temperate zones.
C) tropics.
D) polar regions.
What event will immediately follow the event shown in this image?
A) The cell will divide into two animal cells.
B) The cell will divide into two plant cells.
C) The cell will divide into four animal cells.
D) The cell will divide into four plant cells.
Which of the following types of organisms commonly demonstrates polyploidy?
A) mammals
B) reptiles
C) flowering plants
D) fish
One experiment in phototropism involved cutting off the tips of grass seedlings before
exposing them to light from one side. The decapitated seedlings did not bend toward the
light. A valid conclusion from this experiment would be that
A) plants cannot engage in photosynthesis without the tip of the plant.
B) light is perceived by the tip of grass plants.
C) a foil cover over the tip of the seedlings would cause them to bend.
D) hormones are produced in all parts of the plant.
