S phase is the part of interphase when DNA duplication takes place.
An endonuclease is involved in removing bases sequentially from one end of DNA or
the other.
With multiple alleles, there can be more than two genetic alternatives for a given locus.
Viral mutations and variants are often categorized by changes in host range and/or
plaque morphology.
The Human Genome Project seeks to rid the human population of genetic disease.
In ribose, the 2″ C has an OH attached to it.
It is likely that new methods of delivering vaccines will be developed so that traditional
injection will be less frequent.
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation.
In directional selection, both phenotypic extremes are equally selected against.
Differentiation is the process whereby a cell’s determined state is expressed.
Any agent that causes damage to DNA is a potential carcinogen.
A paracentric inversion is one whose breakpoints do not flank the centromere.
A restriction map provides the location of sites cleaved by restriction enzymes.
Evidence from genome-wide association studies on schizophrenia indicates that no
single gene or allele makes a significant contribution to this disorder.
The “interrupted mating technique” provides a genetic map in Drosophila.
In general, inversion and translocation heterozygotes are as fertile as organisms whose
chromosomes are in the standard arrangement.
The cross GE/ge x ge/ge produces the following progeny: GE/ge 404; ge/ge 396; gE/ge
97; Ge/ge 103. From these data one can conclude that the recombinant progeny are
gE/ge and Ge/ge.
Genetic drift is primarily associated with relatively small breeding populations.
In humans, no genes are larger than 2 kb.
DNA replication occurs in the 5″ to 3″ direction; that is, new nucleoside triphosphates
are added to the 3″ end.
A homeobox gene is one that produces a group of repetitive base sequences such as a
VNTR.
Alleles that are masked by an epistatic locus are said to be hypostatic to the genes at
that locus.
Inversions and translocations are without evolutionary significance.
In a PCR, primers are complementary to stretches of DNA with which they anneal.
Rational drug design involves the synthesis of specific chemical substances that affect
specific gene products.
Positive interference occurs when a crossover in one region of a chromosome reduces
crossovers in nearby regions.
In Drosophila, the female is the heterogametic sex.
In a bacterial cross in which the donor (Hfr) is a+b+ and the recipient strain (F–) is a–b–,
it is expected that recombinant bacteria will all be a+b+.
The secondary structure of a protein is dependent on polar interactions among the side
chains of the amino acids.
The function of a ddNTP in DNA sequencing is to methylate guanine.
A gene can have a maximum of two alleles.
Bacteria are dependent on telomerase to complete synthesis of their chromosome ends.
Segmentation genes, such as the pair-rule class, are inherited through mitochondrial
DNA in Drosophila.
Strand discrimination during the process of DNA repair is based on DNA methylation
in E. coli.
Drosophila is a unique candidate for genetic engineering because it is the one
prokaryote about which we have a great deal of genetic information.
Messenger RNA is usually polycistronic in eukaryotes.
Individuals with Huntington disease have a point mutation in a gene coding for the p53
protein.
Mutant versions of genes that are normally involved in promoting the cell cycle are
known as ________.
A) tumor suppressors
B) proto-oncogenes
C) oncogenes
D) malignant genes
E) attenuators
What meiotic process, relative to the number of chromosomes of a given species,
accounts for a significant amount of genetic variation in gametes?
A) independent assortment of chromosomes
B) trivalent formation
C) bivalent formation
D) pairing of homologous chromosomes
E) formation of the meiotic spindle during chromosome segregation
Assume that a cross is made between tall and dwarf tobacco plants. The F1 generation
showed intermediate height, while the F2 generation showed a distribution of height
ranging from tall to dwarf, like the original parents, and many heights between the
extremes. These data are consistent with which one of the following modes of
inheritance?
A) multiple-factor inheritance
B) alternation of generations
C) codominance
D) incomplete dominance
E) hemizygosity
Considering the location of genes in the interphase nucleus, certain chromosomal
territories appear to exist. Specifically, ________.
A) each chromosome appears to occupy a discrete domain
B) gene-poor regions of chromosomes are located outside the nucleus, whereas
gene-rich
C) regions are located inside the nucleus
D) even-numbered chromosomes are located in the interior of the nucleus, whereas
odd-numbered chromosomes are located peripherally
E) large chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus
F) small chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus
Based on the classic experiments of Creighton and McClintock with maize, crossing
over involves a physical exchange between chromatids. What particular chromosomal
characteristic allowed their experiments to succeed?
A) colored bands along the lengths of a chromosome
B) an extra chromosome
C) a missing chromosome
D) three chromosomes with identical structure
E) a chromosome with a unique cytological marker
Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or
absence of a nucleus. What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?
A) eukaryotic organism
B) virus
C) bacterium
D) prokaryotic organism
E) mitochondrial organism
Which general term is used to group various biological and behavioral properties of
organisms that act to prevent or reduce interbreeding?
A) phyletic evolution
B) allopatric speciation
C) reproductive isolating mechanisms
D) inbreeding
E) genetic divergence
What is the term given to the theory which states that the fertilized egg contains a
complete miniature adult?
A) preformation
B) transduction
C) transformation
D) conjugation
E) cell theory
Given that loci A and B in Drosophila are sex-linked and 20 map units apart, what
phenotypic frequencies would you expect in male and female offspring resulting from
the following crosses? (Assume that A and B are dominant to a and b, respectively.)
a) AaBb (dominant alleles on same chromosome) female x ab/Y male
b) AaBb (dominant alleles on homologs) female x ab/Y male
c) aabb female x AB/Y male (no crossing over in male Drosophila)
A class of mutations that results in multiple contiguous (side-by-side) amino acid
changes in proteins is probably caused by which of the following type of mutation?
A) frameshift
B) transversion
C) transition
D) base analog
E) recombinant
Multiple mutations that are found to be present in a single gene are said to belong to the
same ________ group.
A) phenotypic
B) allelic
C) transfer
D) complementation
E) expression
Certain base analogs such as 5-bromouracil cause mutations by chemically altering
nitrogenous bases in nonreplicating DNA.
Which of the following clusters of terms applies when addressing enhancers or
silencers as elements associated with eukaryotic genetic regulation?
A) cis-acting, variable orientation, variable position
B) trans-acting, fixed position, fixed orientation
C) cis-acting, fixed position, fixed orientation
D) cis-acting, variable position, fixed orientation
E) trans– and cis-acting, variable position
Electron microscopy of metaphase chromosomes demonstrated various degrees of
coiling. What was the name of the model that depicted this process?
A) folded-fiber
B) double-stranded
C) chromatid folding
D) packing
E) condensation
DNA polymerase I is thought to add nucleotides ________.
A) to the 5″ end of the primer
B) to the 3″ end of the primer
C) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed
D) on single-stranded templates without need for an RNA primer
E) in a 5″ to 5″ direction
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides ________.
A) to the 3″ end of the RNA primer
B) to the 5″ end of the RNA primer
C) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed
D) to both ends of the RNA primer
E) to internal sites in the DNA template
Briefly state what is meant by repetitive DNA.
Which term most appropriately refers to a regulatory protein in prokaryotes?
A) translation
B) RNA processing
C) DNA binding protein
D) gyrase action
E) helicase activation
Environmental factors typically influence inheritance of ________.
A) multiple alleles
B) codominance
C) trihybrid crosses
D) polygenic traits
E) dominantly inherited traits
Temperate phages are those that can enter either the ________ or ________ cycle.
A) lytic; lysogenic
B) virulent; avirulent
C) functional; nonfunctional
D) former; nonformer
E) complementing; competing
Given that the nature of DNA replication in eukaryotes is not as well understood as in
prokaryotes, (a) present a description of DNA (chromosome) replication as presently
viewed in eukaryotes and (b) state the differences known to exist between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic DNA replication.
The Protenor mode of sex determination is the ________.
A) scheme based on F plasmids inserted into the FMR-1 gene
B) XX/XO scheme
C) XO/YY scheme
D) hermaphroditic scheme
E) scheme based on single translocations in the X chromosome
What is one major limitation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE)?
A) It is extremely costly to execute in a typical molecular biology laboratory.
B) When products are separated, they tend to leach out of the gel matrix.
C) Only the most abundant products are detected.
D) 2-DGE can be run only on nucleic acids.
E) 2-DGE is useful only in separating eukaryotic gene products.
Genetics is the study of ________.
A) inheritance and variation
B) mutation and recession
C) transcription and translation
D) diploid and haploid
E) replication and recombination
Considering the structure of double-stranded DNA, which kind(s) of bonds hold one
complementary strand to the other?
A) ionic
B) covalent
C) van der Waals
D) hydrogen
E) hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders that appear to be
________.
A) caused by a single dominant gene
B) multifactorial and complex in nature with a genetic component
C) caused by several genes located on the X chromosome
D) caused by a low number of recessive genes located mainly on the autosomes
E) directly related to trinucleotide repeat increases but not decreases
Albinism, lack of pigmentation in humans, results from an autosomal recessive gene
(a). Two parents with normal pigmentation have an albino child. What is the probability
that their next child will be an albino girl?
The retinoblastoma protein (pRB), like p53, serves as a(n) ________ in regulating the
cell cycle.
A) tumor suppressor
B) tumor enhancer
C) up regulator
D) oncogene
E) pseudooncogene
Structures located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are called ________.
A) centromeres
B) telomerases
C) recessive mutations
D) telomeres
E) permissive mutations
What is meant by the term pseudogene?
Present a detailed description of the actions of the regulatory proteins in inducible and
repressible enzyme systems.
How are reciprocal crosses used to identify cases of extrachromosomal inheritance?
What criteria would one use to state that a particular mode of inheritance is
extrachromosomal?
Many of the color varieties of summer squash are determined by several interacting
loci:
AA or Aa gives white, aaBB or aaBb gives yellow, and aabb produces green. Crosses
among heterozygotes give a 12:3:1 ratio. What type of gene interaction would account
for these results?
How would the use of a large series of monozygotic and dizygotic twins enhance
studies on the genetic basis of human behavior?
Electrophoretic separation of HbA from HbS is based on a difference in their ________.
What type of evolutionary information can be gained by examining the amino acid
sequence of a protein such as cytochrome c?
You may have heard through various media of an animal alleged to be the hybrid of a
rabbit and a cat. Given that the cat (Felis domesticus) has a diploid chromosome
number of 38 and a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has a diploid chromosome number
of 44, what would be the expected chromosome number in the somatic tissues of this
alleged hybrid?
Describe the structure of a DNA microarray and its use.
In what ways is sample size related to statistical testing?
What term is used to describe the new field engaged to producing more specific,
effective and personally customized drugs?
What type of chemical bond holds the two strands together in double-stranded DNA?
From a human developmental standpoint, what is the significance of Hox genes?
List three general pathways in which eukaryotic mRNA is typically degraded in
eukaryotes.
What is meant by the terms acentric and dicentric?
DNA may be damaged from the by-products of normal cellular aerobic respiration.
Name three of these electrophilic oxidants that are generally classified as reactive
oxidants.
–), hydroxyl radicals (∙OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Name two methods used in genetic prenatal diagnostic testing in humans.