Digitization and fiber optics have:
a. So far affected only the music industry
b. Helped to slow down the concentration of media ownership
c. Enabled the “convergence” of different media
d. So far affected only the computer industry
Answer:
The belief that repeated, long-term exposure to violent programs may desensitize some
people to the effects of violence is an example of:
a. Political socialization theory
b. The hypodermic model
c. Mass society theory
d. Cultivation theory
Answer:
If a media company integrates a talent agency, a film studio, and a movie theater, this is
called ________ integration.
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. spiral
d. linear
Answer:
Which of the following is not true about the power of an active audience in decoding
media contents?
a. Is an interpretive free agent who can construct whatever meaning they want
b. Can find alternative meanings
c. Can find negotiated meanings
d. Is sometimes influenced by social constraints
Answer:
The “Second Screen” phenomenon refers to an audience producing and consuming
media at the same time, creating and circulating their own small bits of content in
response to the media they are experiencing.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Structure usually implies:
a. Organization
b. Constraint
c. Planning
d. Human will
Answer:
Which of the following can be considered an example of “pseudo-events”?
a. Teaching
b. Photo-op
c. Interviewing
d. Writing a novel
Answer:
So-called radio pirates have faced legal troubles because they:
a. Broadcast “indecent” material
b. Operate without federal licenses
c. Traffic in stolen goods
d. Criticize elected officials
Answer:
Which of the following is not associated with the rise of television?
a. More political emphasis on appearance and style
b. More careful scripting of appearances of politicians
c. More structured photo opportunities
d. More door-to-door campaigning
Answer:
One of the following terms denotes the idea of an active audience that not only
consumes media contents but also creates them. Which is it?
a. Consumers
b. Prosumers
c. Viewers
d. Mass
Answer:
Stuart Hall’s Encoding-Decoding model of communication indicates that media
messages need to be transmitted via interpersonal channels.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Sociologists argue that humans must build and interpret the meaning of objective
reality. They refer to this process as:
a. The variability of reality
b. Reality attainment
c. Social specificity
d. The social construction of reality
Answer:
Conservatives often support regulations that:
a. Limit the concentration of media ownership
b. Discourage “free market” competition
c. Restrict media content on moral grounds
d. Provide government subsidies to large media companies
Answer:
Members of an active audience are interpretive “free agents” who can interpret media
text as they please.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
What is meant by “the pleasure of resistance”?
a. The use of media for pleasure is an act of resistance
b. The act of deriving pleasure from media is not accepted
c. The act of interpretive resistance produces pleasure
d. The use of media for fantasizing
Answer:
In a 1925 resolution, the League of Nations argued that the dissemination of
information worldwide was a tool for:
a. The promotion of peace and understanding
b. The destruction of local cultures
c. The advance of capitalism
d. Propaganda on an unprecedented scale
Answer:
Technological determinists argue that technologies are an independent force that
dictates processes of social change.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
“Pro-Am” efforts in journalism refers to news organizations’ approach to enlist the
assistance of amateurs in creating news stories while employing professional
journalistic standards.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Objectivity emerged as a norm in American journalism in the:
a. Early 1800s
b. Years following the U.S. Civil War
c. Years following World War I
d. 1960s
Answer:
Which of the following media effects theory assumes the strongest media impact on
individuals?
a. Agenda-setting
b. Two-step flow of communication
c. Cultivation
d. Hypodermic media effects
Answer:
Many argue that increased media concentration by a small number of conglomerations
causes some effects on media contents. Which of the following does not belong to such
effects?
a. The diversity of media contents may be reduced.
b. News and other journalistic programs may be forced to become an “entertainment.”
c. Media owners’ specific political agenda may be promoted.
d. Audience may become more active in interpreting media contents.
Answer:
Embedded journalism refers to citizens’ participatory reporting of government affairs.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
The major ongoing debate about media regulation is:
a. Whether or not the government has the right to regulate the media
b. Whether or not the government should regulate the media
c. What kind of government regulation should exist
d. How to enforce the regulations
Answer:
The term “user” implies that a media audience is passive.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
“Beats” are places where TV starts frequent.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Smaller video cameras have played a role in enabling users to bypass the media
entirely.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
News of the economy is primarily from which of the following perspectives?
a. Investors
b. Workers
c. Citizens
d. Consumers
Answer:
In the Two-Step Flow of Influence model, the media transmit information to opinion
leaders, who then relay the information to the less-engaged general public.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Much of the initial funding for the Internet came from:
a. Private corporations
b. Individual computer hobbyists
c. Nonprofit, public-interest foundations
d. The government, especially the Pentagon
Answer:
“Binge viewing” refers to consuming many episodes of a television series in one sitting
or over a few days.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
“Polysemy” refers to the idea that media texts can have multiple meanings.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Indymedia efforts refer to:
a. Promotional websites of independent film companies
b. Independent Media Centers that provide alternative news and commentary
c. Music file-sharing sites
d. A cult movie association
Answer:
Hispanic characters are overrepresented in movies and television today.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
Early rap music began as a critique of the underlying ideology of mainstream American
society.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
With globalization, the flow of media products has been:
a. Predominantly from more developed nations to less developed ones
b. Evenly balanced between more developed nations and less developed ones
c. Predominantly from less developed nations to more developed ones
d. Too complex to assess
Answer: