313. Which of the following is an environmental issue that must be dealt with at the international scale:
a. the ozone layer
b. the marine environment
c. habitat destruction
d. global climate change
e. all of the other specific choices are correct
314. Which of the following is NOT an environmental issue that must be dealt with at the international scale:
a. the ozone layer
b. the marine environment
c. habitat destruction
d. global climate change
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
315. Which of the following is NOT an environmental issue that must be dealt with at the international scale:
a. the ozone layer
b. the marine environment
c. too much ozone in the air we breathe
d. global climate change
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
316. Ozone depletion at high levels in the atmosphere is caused by:
a. greenhouse gases
b. lightning
c. chlorofluorocarbons
d. vehicle exhaust
e. burning coal
317. Ozone depletion at high levels in the atmosphere is caused by:
a. greenhouse gases
b. lightning
c. burning coal
d. vehicle exhaust
e. none of the other choices are correct
318. Which of the following is an effect of the depletion of the ozone layer:
a. increase in skin cancer
b. more eye cataracts
c. injury to the immune system
d. all of the other specific choices are correct
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
319. Which of the following is NOT an effect of the depletion of the ozone layer:
a. increase in skin cancer
b. more eye cataracts
c. injury to the immune system
d. more premature births
e. none of the other specific choices are effects
320. Which of the following is NOT an effect of the depletion of the ozone layer:
a. increase in skin cancer
b. more eye cataracts
c. injury to the immune system
d. global warming
e. none of the other specific choices are effects
321. In an effort to control the depletion of the ozone layer, which of the following treaties was signed in 1987?
a. the Rio Convention
b. the Hague Convention
c. the Geneva Convention
d. the Montreal Protocol
e. the Kyoto Treaty
322. In an effort to control the depletion of the ozone layer, which of the following treaties was signed in 1987?
a. the Rio Convention
b. the Hague Convention
c. the Geneva Convention
d. the Kyoto Treaty
e. none of the other choices
323. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 addressed the global environmental problem of:
a. global warming
b. ozone depletion by CFCs
c. the marine environment
d. overfishing
e. nuclear waste disposal
324. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 addressed the global environmental problem of:
a. global warming
b. nuclear waste disposal
c. the marine environment
d. overfishing
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
325. The elimination of CFCs (cloroflourocarbons) to protect atmospheric ozone cost the world economy an estimated:
a. $100 million
b. $250 million
c. $20 billion
d. $200 billion
e. there was a net economic gain from the decision
326. The developed nations of the world agreed to ozone protection by eliminating CFC‘s. To do this, they set up a fund
to:
a. support advertising in the developed world to champion the elimination of CFCs
b. provide subsidy payments to manufacturers of CFCs so that the phase–out of the products will be less painful
c. pay poorer nations to sign the agreement
d. build a space station designed to study the effects of ozone depletion
e. research alternate forms of refrigerants
327. The developed nations of the world agreed to ozone protection by eliminating CFC‘s. To do this, they set up a fund
to:
a. support advertising in the developed world to champion the elimination of CFCs
b. provide subsidy payments to manufacturers of CFCs so that the phase–out of the products will be less painful
c. research alternate forms of refrigerants
d. build a space station designed to study the effects of ozone depletion
e. none of the other choices
328. The Kyoto treaty on greenhouse gas reduction concerning global warming:
a. was implemented and enforced in over 100 nations in 1999
b. will substantially reduce ozone emissions
c. exempts the European Union from compliance due to programs in place already
d. is not law in the U.S.
e. none of the other choices
329. The Kyoto treaty on greenhouse gas reduction concerning global warming:
a. has surpassed all expectations with regard to reducing greenhouse gases
b. has failed to achieve its goals
c. has been a success in the U.S., but not in other countries
d. has led to successful reduction of greenhouse gases in all signing countries
e. none of the other choices are correct
330. The Kyoto treaty on greenhouse gas reduction concerning global warming was drafted in:
a. 1967
b. 1973
c. 1997
d. 1998
e. 2008
331. Drafted in 1997 to address the issue of greenhouse gas emissions, the has been largely unsuccessful.
a. Kyoto Treaty
b. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Treaty
c. Montreal Protocol
d. Kyoto Protocol
e. Global Warming Prevention Treaty
332. The Kyoto Treaty was:
a. signed by President Clinton and ratified by Congress
b. signed by President Clinton, but not ratified by Congress
c. not signed by President Clinton, but ratified by Congress
d. signed by President George H.W. Bush
e. none of the other choices are correct
333. The Kyoto Treaty was:
a. signed by President Clinton and ratified by Congress
b. signed by President Reagan, but not ratified by Congress
c. not signed by President Clinton, but ratified by Congress
d. signed by President George H.W. Bush
e. none of the other choices are correct
334. The Clinton administration did not submit the Kyoto Treaty to Congress for ratification because:
a. there was not time
b. the Clinton administration did not want it to pass
c. it would not have passed
d. it would have caused dissent within the Senate
e. it was not a legally binding treaty
335. In Massachusetts v. EPA, where Massachusetts and other states sued to force regulation of greenhouse gases
from vehicles, the Supreme Court held that:
a. the EPA has higher authority than Massachusetts in all environmental matters
b. since the EPA asserts that there is no a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions
and global warming, the refusal to regulate such emissions is justified
c. since the EPA recognizes that there is a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions
and global warming, the refusal to regulate such emissions “contributes” to Massachusetts’ injuries
d. since there is no causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, the
EPA’s refusal to regulate such emissions is permissible
e. there is no basis for a case because a state cannot sue a federal agency
336. In Massachusetts v. EPA, where Massachusetts and other states sued to force regulation of greenhouse gases
from vehicles, the Supreme Court held that:
a. the EPA has higher authority than Massachusetts in all environmental matters
b. since the EPA asserts that there is no a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions
and global warming, the refusal to regulate such emissions is justified
c. there is no basis for a case because a state cannot sue a federal agency
d. since there is no causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, the
EPA’s refusal to regulate such emissions is permissible
e. none of the other choices are correct
337. In Massachusetts v. EPA, where Massachusetts and other states sued to force regulation of greenhouse gases
from vehicles, the Supreme Court held that:
a. EPA has final determination of all such regulations; the states may not force EPA to regulate air quality
b. EPA is following the orders of Congress on emissions, so the states can petition Congress, not the courts
c. EPA would allow the states to set their own emission standards as part of their State Implementation Plans
d. all of the other specific choices are covered in the law
e. none of the other choices are correct
338. In Massachusetts v. EPA, where Massachusetts and other states sued to force regulation of greenhouse gases
from vehicles, the Supreme Court held that:
a. EPA has final determination of all such regulations; the states may not force EPA to regulate air quality
b. EPA is following the orders of Congress on emissions, so the states can petition Congress, not the courts
c. EPA failed in its obligation to issue regulations to cover greenhouse gases
d. EPA would allow the states to set their own emission standards as part of their State Implementation Plans
e. all of the other choices are covered in the law
339. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. If Janet sues Happy Feet under the common law, she will most likely sue for:
a. public nuisance
b. corporate nuisance
c. private nuisance
d. state nuisance
e. she could not sue under any of these theories
340. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. Janet lives 2 miles down from Happy Feet. She uses the Gallatin to water her llama
herd. She noticed that water from the river has a funny odor and the llamas became sick. Under common law,
what action may Janet take against Happy Feet?
a. she may sue for conversion
b. she may sue for nuisance
c. she may sue for a violation of her riparian rights
d. b and c
e. a, b and c
341. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. If Janet were to sue Happy Feet for trespass of her property, she would need to prove:
a. a direct breach of the boundaries of her land
b. a physical invasion of land by vapors
c. a completely unreasonable interference with the use of her land
d. economic interference that may cause bankruptcy if Happy Feet’s actions are not enjoined
e. intent by Mr. LeFleur to pollute Janet’s property
342. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. If a Montana court were to follow the decision reached by the New York court in
Whalen v. Union Bag & Paper Co., the Montana court would probably hold that Janet could:
a. not hold Happy Feet liable, because the plant produced too much economic good and not enough harm
b. enjoin Happy Feet from discharging sludge because this discharge violated her riparian rights
c. not enjoin Happy Feet from discharging sludge because she held no common law rights to the river
d. only sue Happy Feet for a breach of the boundaries of her property
e. only sue for the emotional distress Happy Feet caused her llamas
343. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. When LeFleur builds his new plant he will need to follow the regulations issued under:
a. the Oceans and Harbors Act
b. the Fish and Wildfowl Act
c. the Clean Air Act
d. the Electrical Discharge Act
e. none of the other choices would apply
344. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. Assume that Bozeman is clean air area. Once Happy Feet builds its plant, what level of
pollution control technology will it have to install?
a. Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
b. Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate (LAER).
c. Best Available Technology (BAT)
d. Best Conventional Technology (BCT)
e. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
345. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. Happy Feet is in violation of the Clean Water Act because it failed to get a permit to
discharge sludge into the Gallatin. Happy Feet must have such a permit because:
a. it is discharging pollutants into a wilderness river
b. it is discharging pollutants into a recreation area
c. it is discharging pollutants into a navigable water of the U.S.
d. it is discharging pollutants into international waters
e. Happy Feet is not in violation of the Clean Water Act, because it does not apply to intrastate rivers
346. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-1. During the course of its construction, Happy Feet disrupts and largely destroys the
habitat of the extremely rare Montana kuhl. This action may subject Happy Feet to a lawsuit under:
a. the Fish and Wildfowl Act
b. the Migratory Mosquito Act
c. the Endangered Species Act
d. the Fungicide and Insecticide Act
e. the Clean Water Act
347. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. If the land is declared to be a Superfund site because of old industrial pollution, the cost
of the clean up:
a. may be imposed on taxpayers via the Superfund.
b. may be imposed on Eldercare.
c. may be imposed on users from decades ago if they can be tracked down.
d. all of the other choices may share in the cost.
e. a and b; the users from decades ago have passed the statute of limitations for liability.
348. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. The land, which Eldercare got cheap, could turn out to be expensive to prepare for
construction because it is likely to be what is known as:
a. a depository.
b. a habitat.
c. a brownfield.
d. a nonpoint source.
e. a sludge.
349. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. When the property is surveyed, it is discovered that there is a rare beetle that lives on
the land, as it enjoys the oily soil. The presence of the endangered beetle on the land means:
a. the land must be cleaned up regardless of the beetle; Superfund takes priority over endangered species
considerations.
b. nothing to other considerations; endangered species habitat is only a matter of concern on public lands.
c. Eldercare will have to leave the property untouched as it is habitat as required by the Endangered Species
Act.
d. Eldercare is likely to have to modify construction plans or provide other habitat for the beetle to comply with
the Endangered Species Act.
e. nothing, as insects are not covered by the Endangered Species Act.
350. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. Eldercare, once it gets built, will emit some exhaust gas from its high temperature
furnace that burns hazardous medical waste. Because Dallas is a nonattainment area, which of the following is not
likely to be true:
a. Eldercare might not get built unless it can pay other near-by polluters to reduce their pollution.
b. Eldercare will have to use best available control technology in its exhaust systems.
c. Eldercare will have to certify that it comes in to compliance with the State Implementation Plan.
d. Eldercare will have to use lowest achievable emissions rate technology.
e. none of the other choices; medical facilities do not fall under the Clean Air Act emission rules.
351. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. Eldercare will, of course, have sewage that will leave the facility. Because of this:
a. it may need a discharge permit under the Clean Water Act.
b. as a large facility, it will be required to build its own sewage treatment plant.
c. it will have to provide for disposal of the sludge from its treatment plant.
d. a and b.
e. a, b and c.
352. Refer to Fact Pattern 18-2. Like other medical facilities, Eldercare will have to ship out some toxic waste materials.
These materials must be disposed of properly under:
a. TSCA.
b. CERCLA.
c. FIFRA.
d. PRP.
e. RCRA.