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64. The structure of pollution laws in China is quite similar to the laws in the U.S.
a. True
b. False
65. Pollution regulation in China look tough on paper but are not enforced much.
a. True
b. False
66. Suits may be brought by citizens to enforce environmental statutes if government agencies do not act to enforce
them.
a. True
b. False
67. Criminal violations of federal environmental laws result in about a hundred convictions annually.
a. True
b. False
68. Criminal violations of federal environmental laws are possible but almost never occur in practice.
a. True
b. False
69. Under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, companies that violate environmental laws may face reduced penalties if
they have an internal environmental compliance program.
a. True
b. False
70. Under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, companies that violate environmental laws may face reduced penalties if
they voluntarily report violations of the law.
a. True
b. False
71. Under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, companies that report violations of the law by other firms in their industry
will receive bounty payments.
a. True
b. False
72. Under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, companies that violate environmental laws may face reduced penalties if
they volunteer to donate money to environmental education programs.
a. True
b. False
73. The Clean Water Act makes it unlawful for businesses, but not individuals, to discharge pollutants into navigable
waters.
a. True
b. False
74. Firms that emit waste water into water bodies must have a discharge permit.
a. True
b. False
75. Water emission standards are set by the EPA individually for each industry.
a. True
b. False
76. The federal government pays for a lot of the construction costs for local sewage treatment plants.
a. True
b. False
77. While most water pollution sources are regulated, publicly owned sewage treatment works are not.
a. True
b. False
78. Point sources of water pollution include industrial pipes, ditches, and agricultural and urban runoff.
a. True
b. False
79. Control of point source water pollution has been the primary goal of federal water pollution law.
a. True
b. False
80. Waste water that has been treated at a sewage treatment plant may not be discharged into a river or lake.
a. True
b. False
81. States are responsible for designating the intended use of all surface water.
a. True
b. False
82. The Clean Water Act orders the EPA to set a technical standard for pollution control for each industry.
a. True
b. False
83. The Clean Water Act ordered the EPA to require all industrial polluters to reduce effluent emissions by 90 percent
over a ten year period.
a. True
b. False
84. Under the permit system of the Clean Water Act, only industries that discharge unconventional pollutants must
have a permit defining the amount of each pollutant that may be discharged under the outlined technology systems
stated in the permit.
a. True
b. False
85. When a new source of pollution is created it is subject to best available technology standards.
a. True
b. False
86. Waste water that contains toxic or unconventional pollutants is subject to zero discharge technology standards.
a. True
b. False
87. Waste water that contains toxic or unconventional pollutants is subject to best available technology control
standards.
a. True
b. False
88. Pollution from human waste (sewage) must be treated by best conventional technology.
a. True
b. False
89. Pollution from human waste (sewage) must be treated by best available technology.
a. True
b. False
90. Companies that accidentally spill pollutants into the waters of the U.S. must report such spills.
a. True
b. False
91. Water polluters, such as factories, must have pollution permits and file discharge monitoring report that are open for
public inspection.
a. True
b. False
92. Companies must constantly monitor their water pollution and report what they are dumping in discharge monitoring
reports, even if it shows they are violating the law.
a. True
b. False
93. Citizens have the right, under the Clean Water Act, to sue polluters who have not been adequately controlled by the
EPA. a.
True b.
False
94. Citizens suits under the Clean Water Act are uncommon because they are costly.
a. True
b. False
95. An example of water pollution from a nonpoint source would be runoff from local streets.
a. True
b. False
96. Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center, where an environmental group sued the EPA and other
parties because logging companies were not required to have pollution discharge permits for rain runoff on
logging roads. The appeals court held that the rain runoff was associated with industrial activity, so discharge
permits were required. The Supreme Court held that discharge permits were always required for road-based
pollution.
a. True
b. False
97. In Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center, where an environmental group sued the EPA and oth
parties because logging companies were not required to have pollution discharge permits for rain runoff on logging
roads. The appeals court held that the rain runoff was associated with industrial activity, so discharge permits wer
required. The Supreme Court held that the EPA had properly considered the matter and properly decided that
permits were not required.
a. True
b. False
98. In Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center, where an environmental group sued the EPA and oth
parties because logging companies were not required to have pollution discharge permits for rain runoff on logging
roads. The appeals court held that the rain runoff was associated with industrial activity, so discharge permits wer
required. The Supreme Court held that the EPA had properly considered the matter and properly decided that
permits were not required.
a. True
b. False
99. Since about half of all water pollution is from nonpoint sources, Congress moved in recent years to substantially
tighten controls and reduce such pollution by half.
a. True
b. False
100. The Army Corps of Engineers has primary responsibility for controlling the use of wetlands.
a. True
b. False
101. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and other similar areas.
a. True
b. False
102. If you want to change a wetland that you own, you must first obtain a permit from the Secretary of the Interior.
a. True
b. False
103. In Hearts Bluff Game Ranch v. U.S., Hearts purchased a large piece of land that the Army Corps said could
be used as mitigation property for wetlands purposes. Later, the state of Texas announced it was building a
water reservoir that would put Hearts under water, so it could no longer be used for wetlands mitigation. Hearts
sued for uncompensated taking as the property was more valuable for mitigation than under a reservoir. The
appeals court held that the Army Corps violated its permit and would have to pay for the lost value of the
property.
a. True
b. False
104. In Hearts Bluff Game Ranch v. U.S., Hearts purchased a large piece of land that the Army Corps said could
be used as mitigation property for wetlands purposes. Later, the state of Texas announced it was building a
water reservoir that would put Hearts under water, so it could no longer be used for wetlands mitigation. Hearts
sued for uncompensated taking as the property was more valuable for mitigation than under a reservoir. The
appeals court held that no compensation was due as Hearts was never granted a right that could be enforced.
a. True
b. False
105. In Responsible Economic Development v. S.C. Dept. of Health & Enviro. Control, where an environmental
group contested a permit for Wal-Mart to handle parking lot storm water runoff, the court held that the runoff
would damage nearby wetlands, so the state would have to reconsider the permit it had issued.
a. True
b. False
106. In Hearts Bluff Game Ranch v. U.S., Hearts purchased a large piece of land that the Army Corps said could
be used as mitigation property for wetlands purposes. Later, the state of Texas announced it was building a
water reservoir that would put Hearts under water, so it could no longer be used for wetlands mitigation. Hearts
sued for uncompensated taking as the property was more valuable for mitigation than under a reservoir. The
appeals court held that the state of Texas would have to pay the value of the land as wetlands mitigation property
when it bought it for use as a reservoir.
a. True
b. False
107. According to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), all pesticides must be tested by the EPA before they can
be sold to consumers.
a. True
b. False
108. The manipulation of biological processes to produce organisms for commercial use is known as biotechnology and is
subject to EPA rules under the Toxic Substances Control Act.
a. True
b. False
109. The Toxic Substances Control Act is the federal statute that controls registration of pesticides and fungicides.
a. True
b. False
