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True / False
1. The book Silent Spring played a significant role in raising public concerns about the environment in the 1990s.
a. True
b. False
2. The book Silent Spring played a significant role in raising public concerns about the environment in the 1960s.
a. True
b. False
3. The first major federal laws to protect the environment were passed in the 1950s.
a. True
b. False
4. Before the 1970s there were no major federal laws concerning environmental protection.
a. True
b. False
5. To implement and enforce federal environmental mandates, Congress authorized and empowered the EPA.
a. True
b. False
6. The ability of the EPA to enforce pollution regulations is hampered by its small size, compared to most other federal
regulatory agencies.
a. True
b. False
7. The EPA has primary responsibility for four major external environmental problems: air, water, land pollution, and
pollution associated with products.
a. True
b. False
8. The principal difference between a public and private nuisance is often the number of people affected.
a. True
b. False
9. To establish a private nuisance, plaintiff must show the pollution is a reasonable interference with the use and
enjoyment of the plaintiff's property.
a. True
b. False
10. Among the common law doctrines available, private citizens bringing actions against polluting businesses relied most
heavily on the law of nuisance.
a. True
b. False
11. Private nuisance actions are commonly brought by government attorneys to attack destructive environmental
practices.
a. True
b. False
12. In the 1907 case Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co., the Supreme Court held that a smelter had to control its
pollution, otherwise it could be enjoined to stop operations because it was harming people in Georgia.
a. True
b. False
13. A trespass occurs when there is a non-physical invasion of someone's personal belongings.
a. True
b. False
14. The principal difference between trespass and nuisance is that a trespass occurs whenever there is a physical
invasion of plaintiff's property.
a. True
b. False
15. Under the theory of strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities, the defendant's liability is based on intent to
damage.
a. True
b. False
16. The law of negligence can be used to protect the environment.
a. True
b. False
17. A polluter who discharges chemical wastes on the ground may be held liable for damage only if negligence can be
established.
a. True
b. False
18. A polluter who discharges toxic chemical wastes on the ground or into water is strictly liable for damage to a
neighbor's water supply.
a. True
b. False
19. Riparian rights refer to legal rights held by persons who inhabit property on the border of a body of water.
a. True
b. False
20. Riparian water rights holds that all persons in the country have an equal right of access to water and equal right of
use of waters.
a. True
b. False
21. People who live along rivers may use the river's water in a reasonable manner and are legally obliged by riparian
law to pass the water along in usable form.
a. True
b. False
22. In Whalen v. Union Bag & Paper Co., the New York Court of Appeals held that a paper pulp mill had to pay a
farmer monetary damages for polluting a creek he used.
a. True
b. False
23. In Whalen v. Union Bag & Paper Co., the New York Court of Appeals held that a pulp mill made such a
significant economic contribution that it could not be forced to pay one small farmer damages for emitting pollutants
into a creek that he used.
a. True
b. False
24. In Whalen v. Union Bag & Paper Co., the New York Court of Appeals held that a pulp mill could be forced to
cease operations if it polluted a creek, even if it was not negligent.
a. True
b. False
25. In Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co., homeowners sued a cement company that created a lot of air pollution, based
on nuisance theory, and were successful in getting an injunction to stop the pollution.
a. True
b. False
26. The EPA is authorized to regulate air pollution by the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its 1977 and 1990 amendments.
a. True
b. False
27. The EPA is authorized by Congress to regulate air pollution to "achieve optimal public health."
a. True
b. False
28. The Supreme Court has held that the Clean Air Act was designed to give states great freedom, with minimal
federal interference, to design air pollution controls.
a. True
b. False
29. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are based on plant locations, pollution control cost, reasonableness of
pollution, and similar factors.
a. True
b. False
30. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been developed for every air pollutant emitted by industry that
contributes to air pollution and that may endanger public health and welfare.
a. True
b. False
31. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards allows the EPA to address indoor air pollution issues.
a. True
b. False
32. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards focus on six outdoor pollutants.
a. True
b. False
33. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards focus on nine major outdoor pollutants.
a. True
b. False
34. Ozone is a major air pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act.
a. True
b. False
35. Lead is a major air pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act.
a. True
b. False
36. Mercury is a major air pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act's NAAQS.
a. True
b. False
37. Dihydrogen oxide is a major air pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act.
a. True
b. False
38. Each state is required to develop a State Implementation Plan to define control efforts necessary to achieve air
quality in the state.
a. True
b. False
39. State Implementation Plans must provide schedules and timetables for compliance with emission levels.
a. True
b. False
40. State Implementation Plans must provide funding for industry to meet compliance requirements.
a. True
b. False
41. State Implementation Plans for air pollution must be amended when the EPA changes its pollution standards.
a. True
b. False
42. The Clean Air Act establishes standards for the construction of new industrial plants depending on the local air
quality.
a. True
b. False
43. Air pollution in Prevention of Significant Deterioration areas exceed pollution levels allowed by the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
a. True
b. False
44. Prevention of Significant Deterioration areas include national parks and wilderness areas.
a. True
b. False
45. To build a plant in an attainment or PSD area, the owner must obtain an air pollution offset that will insure a net air
quality improvement.
a. True
b. False
46. New construction in a PSD area must use best available control technology (BACT).
a. True
b. False
47. A new plant can be built in a nonattainment area if, among other things, the air pollution from the new plant is offset
by reductions in the same type of pollutant from other plants in the area.
a. True
b. False
48. Businesses that wish to build new plants in nonattainment areas must agree to use the Highest Achievable Rate of
Emissions (HARE) before EPA will permit the building.
a. True
b. False
49. States must issue air pollution permits to emission sources, but EPA can overrule state permit decisions.
a. True
b. False
50. Air pollution permits are needed only for projects that cost more than $100 million.
a. True
b. False
51. Air pollution permits are not needed for stores and buildings not related to production processes that emit pollutants.
a. True
b. False
52. Air pollution permits are not required for agricultural operations.
a. True
b. False
53. Mobile sources of air pollution are a major concern of the Clean Air Act.
a. True
b. False
54. Vehicles are generally recognized as a major source of ozone pollution.
a. True
b. False
55. Vehicles are generally recognized as a major source of mercury pollution.
a. True
b. False
56. The EPA and Congress are moving to mandate carpooling in all large cities to reduce auto emissions.
a. True
b. False
57. The California auto emission standards, the toughest in the nation, are gradually becoming the national standard.
a. True
b. False
58. In American Trucking Assn. v EPA the appeals court held that the California air regulations that applied to trucks
operating in California violated federal supremacy.
a. True
b. False
59. In American Trucking Assn. v EPA the appeals court held that the California air regulations that applied to trucks
operating in California could be stronger than the EPA rules that applied to trucks operating elsewhere.
a. True
b. False
60. In American Trucking Assn. v EPA the appeals court held that the California air regulations that applied to trucks
operating in California were allowable because the cost of compliance is "de minimus."
a. True
b. False
61. The 1990 Clean Air Act required the EPA to develop regulatory standards for about 191 toxic air pollutants.
a. True
b. False
62. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires the EPA to develop "maximum emission rates" for 191 substances declared to be
hazardous air pollutants.
a. True
b. False
63. The 1990 Clean Air Act imposes rigid controls on nuclear power plants for the purpose of reducing acid rain.
a. True
b. False
