160. Under the 1990 Clean Air Act:
a. Congress provided for the control of pollution originating in the foreign countries
b. Congress provided for an import duty on those goods produced at foreign plants that do not use pollution
controls
c. provide an exemption to coal-fired power plants from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emission reductions
d. the EPA is to focus on limiting pollutants from vehicles
e. none of the other choices
161. The Clean Air Act lists substances that are declared to be hazardous air pollutants.
a. 506
b. 232
c. 191
d. 17
e. 3
162. The 191 hazardous air pollutants listed by the Clean Air Act are limited by the set by the EPA.
a. minimum emission rates
b. maximum emission rates
c. acceptable emission rates
d. feasible emission rates
e. clean emission rates
163. The 191 hazardous air pollutants listed by the Clean Air Act are limited by the set by the EPA.
a. minimum emission rates
b. clean emission rates
c. acceptable emission rates
d. feasible emission rates
e. none of the other choices are correct
164. If the EPA determines that a pollutant is a threat to public health or the environment:
a. tighter control standards are to be imposed without regard to economic factors
b. tighter control standards are to be imposed with careful analysis of economic factors
c. tighter control standards are to be imposed only if they will not have adverse economic effects
d. it will eventually impose slightly stricter standards
e. Congress will impose some new standards
165. If the EPA determines that a pollutant is a threat to public health or the environment:
a. Congress will impose some new standards
b. tighter control standards are to be imposed with careful analysis of economic factors
c. tighter control standards are to be imposed only if they will not have adverse economic effects
d. it will eventually impose slightly stricter standards
e. none of the other choices are correct
166. Primary authority to enforce the Clean Air Act and other environmental statues lies with:
a. Congress
b. the President
c. the EPA and state environmental agencies
d. local county agencies
e. the state governor
167. To help enforce the Clean Air Act, in some cases besides EPA enforcement there may be:
a. citizen suits
b. “community” actions
c. Congressional fines
d. citizen suits and Congressional fines
e. citizen suits and Congressional fines and “community” actions
168. To help enforce the Clean Air Act there may be:
a. citizen suits
b. “community-based” actions
c. EPA fines
d. citizen suits and EPA fines
e. citizen suits and EPA fines and “community-based” actions
169. If government agencies fail to enforce environmental statues, citizens:
a. cannot do anything further
b. can write to their Congress representative to complain, but can do little else
c. have the right to bring citizen suits
d. have the right to make a citizen‘s arrest and impose penalties
e. none of the other choices are correct
170. Pollution laws in China:
a. are similar to U.S. environmental laws
b. are minimal
c. are not enforced much
d. are similar to U.S. environmental laws but are not enforced much
e. are minimal and are not enforced much
171. Although China has pollution laws similar to U.S. environmental laws:
a. there is little enforcement
b. enforcement is much stronger in China
c. penalties are much harsher
d. people are more easily regulated because they are more respectful of regulatory agencies
e. it really doesn’t need them due to their focus on clean technologies
172. One of the factors contributing to the high levels of pollution in China is:
a. the anti-environmental sentiment of the leaders
b. the high fines associated with breaking the law
c. the lack of authority to shut down government-owned companies that violate environmental laws
d. the overzealous environmental agencies
e. lack of data on the adverse effects of pollution
173. Each year about 100 environmental offenses have been dealt with by government officials by:
a. public embarrassments
b. criminal convictions
c. civil violations of the law
d. moral violations
e. ordinance violations of the law
174. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines allow punishment for environmental crimes to be lessened if a company has a
record of doing which of the following:
a. reporting on other polluters in the industry
b. voluntarily reporting illegal actions
c. donating money to environmental groups
d. reporting on other polluters in the industry and voluntarily reporting illegal actions
e. reporting on other polluters in the industry and voluntarily reporting illegal actions and donating money to
environmental groups
175. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines allow punishment for environmental crimes to be lessened if a company has a
record of doing which of the following:
a. reporting on other polluters in the industry
b. voluntarily reporting illegal actions
c. strong internal compliance programs
d. voluntarily reporting illegal actions and strong internal compliance programs
e. voluntarily reporting illegal actions and strong internal compliance programs and reporting on other polluters
in the industry
176. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines employ a carrot-and-stick approach to enforcing environmental statutes. This
means that:
a. penalties imposed on a company may be reduced if the company cooperates with the government
b. penalties on a company can be reduced if the company pays certain annual dues to environmental agencies
c. penalties imposed on a company may be overlooked if the company cooperates with the government
d. penalties imposed on a company may be reduced if the company is economically important to the region it
operates in
e. none of the other choices are correct
177. Which of the following things could lead to a reduction in penalties imposed on a company for violation of
environmental statutes:
a. cooperation with the government in investigations
b. voluntary reporting of illegal actions
c. assistance to those who suffer from environmental wrongdoing
d. all of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
e. none of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
178. Which of the following things could lead to a reduction in penalties imposed on a company for violation of
environmental statutes:
a. bribing EPA officials
b. voluntary reporting of illegal actions
c. posting posters of clean environments in the workplace
d. all of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
e. none of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
179. Which of the following things could lead to a reduction in penalties imposed on a company for violation of
environmental statutes:
a. bribing EPA officials
b. cooperation with the government in investigations
c. posting posters of clean environments in the workplace
d. all of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
e. none of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
180. Which of the following things could lead to a reduction in penalties imposed on a company for violation of
environmental statutes:
a. bribing EPA officials
b. education of the company’s workforce about environmental standards
c. posting posters of clean environments in the workplace
d. all of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
e. none of the other specific choices could lead to a reduction in penalties
181. The main goal of the Clean Water Act of 1972 is to:
a. reduce the amount of dumping in oceans around the U.S.
b. restore and maintain the integrity of the waters of the U.S.
c. improve the quality of drinking water from the nation’s reservoirs
d. increase the amount of undeveloped wetlands in the U.S.
e. all of the other choices
182. The main goal of the Clean Water Act of 1972 is to:
a. reduce the amount of dumping in oceans around the U.S.
b. effectively combat the problems of beach-front erosion
c. reduce erosion of beach-front around the nation
d. increase the amount of undeveloped wetlands in the U.S.
e. none of the other choices
183. Which of the following is not a part of the Clean Water Act:
a. a national effluent standard set by EPA for industries
b. state water quality standards approved by EPA
c. water pollution standards based on evidence of harm to humans and aquatic species
d. construction of more publicly owned treatment works
e. all of the other choices are part of the Act
184. Which of the following is not a part of the Clean Water Act:
a. a national effluent standard set by EPA for industries
b. state water quality standards approved by EPA
c. discharge permits to enforce pollution controls
d. construction of more publicly owned treatment works
e. all of the other choices are part of the Act
185. The Clean Water Act was first passed in:
a. 1970
b. 1972
c. 1982
d. 1986
e. 1990
186. The Clean Water Act, which was passed in 1972, was substantially amended in:
a. 1977
b. 1986
c. 2000
d. both 1977 and 1986
e. both 1976 and 1987
187. Which of the following is one of the Clean Water Act’s five main elements:
a. national effluent standards set by the EPA for each industry
b. water quality standards set by the states under EPA approval
c. a discharge permit program
d. special provisions for toxic chemicals and oil spills
e. all of the other specific choices are in the Clean Water Act
188. Under the Clean Water Act, dumping pollutants into navigable waters:
a. is illegal
b. is illegal without a permit
c. is legal for government companies, but not private companies
d. is legal for private companies, but not government companies
e. is legal
189. Which of the following actions requires a permit under the Clean Water Act:
a. dumping a pollutant in navigable waters
b. moving water from one navigable water to another
c. swimming in navigable water
d. both a and b require permits
e. none of the other choices require a permit
190. Hardy makes pesticides. Run-off from its factory goes into gullies that run into Cane Creek, a trickle of water that
rarely has fish in it and it is not used for recreation. Part of the year, the creek runs into a river. The outcome of
EPA’s regulation of Hardy’s pollution would be:
a. because the gullies and Cane Creek are not navigable waterways as required by the Clean Water Act,
pollution into them does not fall under EPA jurisdiction
b. because wastes are discharged into gullies that eventually run into a navigable waterway, the EPA has
jurisdiction
c. because the creek is not in constant connection to a navigable waterway, the EPA lacks jurisdiction
d. if a waterway is not be navigable per se, it does not fall within the jurisdiction of Clean Water Act
e. because the discharges are toxic, the emissions are under the 1990 Clean Air Act
191. Hardy makes pesticides. Run-off from its factory goes into gullies that run into Cane Creek, a trickle of water that
rarely has fish in it and it is not used for recreation. Part of the year, the creek runs into a river. The outcome of
EPA’s regulation of Hardy’s pollution would be:
a. because the gullies and Cane Creek are not navigable waterways as required by the Clean Water Act,
pollution into them does not fall under EPA jurisdiction
b. because the discharges are toxic, the emissions are under the Superfund Act
c. because the creek is not in constant connection to a navigable waterway, the EPA lacks jurisdiction
d. if a waterway is not be navigable per se, it does not fall within the jurisdiction of Clean Water Act
e. none of the other choices
192. The easiest water pollution to identify is:
a. point source pollution
b. general pollution
c. pollution from small boats
d. pollution from air-borne particulates
e. none of the other specific choices are correct
193. Point source pollution is:
a. the most easily identifiable water pollution
b. the most difficult water pollution to quantify
c. the most difficult water pollution to treat
d. the most difficult water pollution to regulate
e. the least harmful water pollution
194. Since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 the focus of federal law has been on:
a. particulate pollution
b. point source pollution
c. nontoxic pollution
d. pollution from coal plants
e. there has been no focus of federal law since 1972
195. To help further the goal of water pollution reduction, states must do what regarding point source pollution:
a. permit treated water to be used as drinking water to be “commercially” pure
b. designate all surface water as to intended use
c. keep water designated as recreational water quite pure
d. do nothing, the federal government controls all facets water pollution control
e. none of the other choices
196. To help further the goal of water pollution reduction, states must do what regarding point source pollution:
a. permit treated water to be used as drinking water to be “commercially” pure
b. reduce it by 60 percent by 2008
c. keep water designated as recreational water quite pure
d. do nothing, the federal government controls all facets water pollution control
e. none of the other choices
197. If a state designates a body of water for recreation:
a. treated water dumped into the lake must be clean enough to drink
b. treated water dumped into the lake must be clean enough not to contaminate swimmers or fish
c. treated water dumped into the lake must be clean enough not to harm boat engines
d. water need not be treated before being dumped in
e. only substance known to cause cancer must be removed before water is dumped in
198. If a state designates a body of water for recreation:
a. treated water dumped into the lake must be clean enough to drink
b. only substance known to cause cancer must be removed before water is dumped in
c. treated water dumped into the lake must be clean enough not to harm boat engines
d. water need not be treated before being dumped in
e. none of the other choices are correct
199. Under the Clean Water Act, industrial discharges:
a. are not subject to any regulation
b. are subject to a permit process
c. are not subject to a permit process
d. are subject to regulation that does not include a permit process
e. largely ignored as long as the plant producing the discharge is economically successful
200. Industrial discharges, which typically include toxic substances from production processes, are subject to a permit
process. This means that companies must:
a. remove all toxic substances from discharge into sewers
b. list the amount and type of discharges
c. meet effluent standards set by the EPA
d. remove all toxic substances from discharge into sewers and meet effluent standards set by EPA
e. list the amount and type of discharges and meet effluent standards set by the EPA
201. Under the , the EPA and state environmental agencies require industrial polluters to list he amount and type of
their discharges.
a. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
b. National Chemical in Waterways Elimination System
c. National Clean Water Plan
d. National Dirty Water Elimination System
e. National Pollutant Control System
202. Under the , the EPA and state environmental agencies require industrial polluters to list he amount and type of
their discharges.
a. National Pollutant Control System
b. National Chemical in Waterways Elimination System
c. National Clean Water Plan
d. National Dirty Water Elimination System
e. none of the other choices are correct
203. Under the Clean Water Act:
a. states must allocate the burden of reducing pollution among the existing sources
b. the EPA develops effluent guidelines on an industry-by-industry basis
c. the EPA develops health-based pollution control standards
d. all of the other choices
e. none of the other choices
204. To comply with the Clean Water Act, businesses that discharge wastes into a waterway must:
a. follow the requirements of the State Implementation Plan
b. install the lowest achievable emissions rate technology by 2009 (or sooner if feasible)
c. obtain a discharge permit and meet the effluent limits set by EPA for each chemical
d. dispose of liquid wastes by strictly following common industry practices
e. comply with the specific terms of its PSD permit
205. To comply with the Clean Water Act, businesses that discharge wastes into a waterway must:
a. follow the requirements of the State Implementation Plan
b. install the lowest achievable emissions rate technology by 2010 (or sooner if feasible)
c. comply with the specific terms of its PSD permit
d. dispose of liquid wastes by strictly following common industry practices
e. none of the other choices
206. National Pollution Discharge Elimination system permits:
a. require industrial polluters to list the amount and type of their discharges
b. protect the public health from water-borne diseases
c. are issued by the EPA under the authority of the Rivers and Harbors Act provisions of the Clean Water Act
d. may be issued for a variable term not to exceed 15 years
e. are issued by EPA for 10 years to polluters in compliance with the Clean Water Act
207. National Pollution Discharge Elimination system permits:
a. are issued by EPA for 10 years to polluters in compliance with the Clean Water Act
b. protect the public health from water-borne diseases
c. are issued by the EPA under the authority of the Rivers and Harbors Act provisions of the Clean Water Act
d. may be issued for a variable term not to exceed 15 years
e. none of the other choices
208. In general, conventional water pollutants, such as human waste, are subject to an emission standard known as:
a. best possible technology
b. best available technology
c. best conventional technology
d. best remedial technology
e. best ambient technology
209. In general, conventional water pollutants, such as human waste, are subject to an emission standard known as:
a. best possible technology
b. best available technology
c. best ambient technology
d. best remedial technology
e. none of the other choices
210. Best conventional technology is an emission standard for:
a. toxic water pollutants
b. unconventional water pollutants
c. conventional water pollutants
d. radioactive water pollutants
e. natural water pollutants
211. Best conventional technology is an emission standard for:
a. toxic water pollutants
b. unconventional water pollutants
c. natural water pollutants
d. radioactive water pollutants
e. none of the other choices are correct
212. Toxic, or unconventional water pollutants, are subject to an emission standard known as:
a. best possible technology
b. best available technology
c. best conventional technology
d. best remedial technology
e. best ambient technology
213. Toxic, or unconventional water pollutants, are subject to an emission standard known as:
a. best possible technology
b. best ambient technology
c. best conventional technology
d. best remedial technology
e. none of the other choices
214. Best available technology is an emission standard for:
a. toxic water pollutants
b. unconventional water pollutants
c. natural water pollutants
d. radioactive water pollutants
e. both a and b are correct
215. The best available technology emission standard that is applied to toxic or unconventional water pollutants requires
that:
a. polluters must adopt better pollution-controlling technology as it becomes available
b. polluters must adopt better pollution–controlling technology within 10 years of its becoming available
c. polluters must adopt better pollution-controlling technology as it becomes available if they can do so without
significant costs
d. polluters must adopt better pollution-controlling technology as it becomes available if they can do so without
unreasonable costs
e. none of the other choices are correct
216. New plants that discharge pollutants into the waters of the U.S. are subject to:
a. new source performance standards
b. non–point source reduction technology
c. best remedial technology
d. least cost pollution technology
e. none of the other choices
217. New plants that discharge pollutants into the waters of the U.S. are subject to:
a. best conventional technology
b. non–point source reduction technology
c. best remedial technology
d. least cost pollution technology
e. none of the other choices