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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
1. Talk of justice and injustice typically focuses on:
a.
fairness, equality, desert, and rights
b.
reason, reflection, deliberation, and fairness
c.
feeling, sentiment, happiness, and equality
d.
fairness, impartiality, duty, and rights
2. Aristotle's formal principle of justice states,
a.
from each according to his or her ability, to each according to his or her need.
b.
similar cases must be treated alike except where there is some relevant difference.
c.
all people are to be treated the same in every situation.
d.
from each according to his or her ability, to each according to his or her merit.
3. According to Mill's utilitarianism
a.
rights are certain moral rules, the observance of which is of the utmost importance for the long-run, overall
maximization of happiness.
b.
there are no moral rights.
c.
the rights possessed by human beings remain unchanged for all times and places.
d.
rights are those rules that a majority of the society would agree to behind the "veil of ignorance."
4. According to libertarianism,
a.
there are no natural, Lockean rights.
b.
we have a basic right to assistance from others.
c.
people should not attempt to coerce others.
d.
happiness takes priority over other moral concerns.
5. According to John Rawls, people in "the original position" choose the principles of justice solely on the basis of
a.
social utility.
b.
their religion.
c.
self-interest.
d.
their intuitive knowledge of the natural rights of all human beings.
6. From John Stuart Mill’s viewpoint,
a.
philosophical concern with justice began in the 19th century.
b.
questions of morality form a subset of questions of justice.
c.
justice is a moral standard independent of the principle of utility.
d.
only the utilitarian standard can best resolve conflicts between competing principles of justice.
7. Many utilitarians would argue that
a.
increased worker participation in industrial life is beneficial.
b.
social utility is irrelevant to issues of justice.
c.
there is already sufficiently equal distribution of income.
d.
the free trade and laissez-faire view of Adam Smith best promote the total social good.
8. In Anarchy, State and Utopia, Robert Nozick advocates
a.
Libertarianism.
b.
Kantianism.
c.
Utilitarianism.
d.
Egoism.
9. Nozick’s libertarian theory proposes
a.
libertarians endorse utilitarianism's concern for total social well-being.
b.
pleasure takes priority over any other moral concern.
c.
libertarians generally agree that liberty allows only a "night-watchman" state.
d.
if a person comes into possession of a holding through a legitimate transfer, then, morally speaking, she or he
deserves that holding.
10. According to Locke,
a.
individuals are morally entitled to take other's property.
b.
property is a moral right.
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
c.
individuals are not morally entitled to the products of their labor.
d.
property acquisition is a duty.
11. According to John Rawls,
a.
people in the original position choose the principles on the basis of self-interest.
b.
in the original position, people must have full and complete knowledge.
c.
justice forbids any social or economic inequalities.
d.
liberty is of little or no importance compared to equality.
12. The veil of ignorance proposes that
a.
those in the original position are supposed to choose principles on the basis of self-interest, agreement seems
unlikely.
b.
one group would be supportive of another group benefiting even though the rules are different.
c.
people are fully knowledgeable about themselves or situation allowing them to have a partial or biased point
of view.
d.
agreement is difficult to attain.
13. The view of ignorance demands people in the original position to be
a.
difficult to come to agreement.
b.
impartial.
c.
biased.
d.
forgiving.
14. Primary social goods include
a.
poverty.
b.
freedom of religion.
c.
status.
d.
leisure time activities.
15. John Rawls’ Theory of Justice lays within which type of tradition?
a.
All for one and one for all.
b.
Principled living.
c.
Feudal society.
d.
Social contract.
16. The difference principle of Rawls includes
a.
we are all created equal.
b.
individuals are justified by working for the benefit of the least advantaged.
c.
we all deserve the same.
d.
some do deserve more than others.
17. In association with labor and capital, Mill had contrasting views of
a.
freedom of speech.
b.
farmers’ markets profit.
c.
welfare.
d.
profit sharing.
18. Who is more likely to be sympathetic with the idea of reducing the disparities of income in society?
a.
Utilitarians
b.
Liberals
c.
Robin Hood
d.
egalitarians
19. The first principle of Nozick’s entitlement theory concerns the original acquisition of
a.
morals.
b.
holdings.
c.
case law.
d.
the crown.
20. In Nozick’s example of Wilt Chamberlain, he argues that other theories of economic justice inevitably fail to respect
people’s
a.
liberty.
b.
power of choice.
c.
skills.
d.
height.
21. To the libertarians, their concept of liberty includes a commitment to
a.
freedom of ideas.
b.
freedom of speech.
c.
private property.
d.
happiness.
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
22. Rawls rejects utilitarianism because
a.
he saw it as a threat.
b.
it might permit an unfair distribution of burdens and benefits.
c.
governments wanted it.
d.
it values moral purity.
23. Eminent domain is the ancient right of government to take what from an individual?
a.
food
b.
clothing
c.
liberties
d.
property
24. The Supreme Court gave decision making power for Eminent domain to the
a.
feds.
b.
states and local communities
c.
townships.
d.
parents.
25. What utilitarian identifies as rights are really
a.
creative alternatives.
b.
positive rationalizations.
c.
certain moral rules.
d.
ethical violations.
26. According to Robert Nozick, the basic moral rights possessed by all human beings are both negative and natural.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Libertarians reject inheritance as a legitimate means of acquiring wealth.
a.
True
b.
False
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
28. Utilitarians are likely to be sympathetic to the argument that steps should be taken to reduce the great disparities of
income that characterize our society.
a.
True
b.
False
29. The phrase "the declining marginal utility of money" means that successive additions to one's income produce, on
average, less happiness or welfare than did earlier additions.
a.
True
b.
False
30. Robert Nozick uses the Wilt Chamberlain story to show the importance of economic re-distribution.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Rawls's theory of distributive justice is a form of utilitarianism.
a.
True
b.
False
32. According to Robert Nozick, property rights exist prior to any social arrangements and are morally antecedent to any
legislative decisions that a society might make.
a.
True
b.
False
33. The United States leads the world in executive pay.
a.
True
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
b.
False
34. According to John Rawls, people in the original position do not know what social position or status they hold in
society.
a.
True
b.
False
35. According to the “maximin” rule, you should select the alternative under which the worst that could happen to you is
better than the worst that could happen to you under any other alternative.
a.
True
b.
False
36. Thanks to changes in the tax system, in recent years income in the United States has become more equal.
a.
True
b.
False
37. The distribution of income in Germany and Japan is far more unequal than that in the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
38. Many philosophers believe (as Aristotle did) that we are required, as a formal principle of justice, to treat similar cases
alike except where there is some relevant difference.
a.
True
b.
False
39. Justice is frequently held to require that our treatment of people reflect their fundamental moral equality.
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
a.
True
b.
False
40. Distributive justice concerns the morally proper distribution of social benefits and burdens.
a.
True
b.
False
41. For utilitarians, justice is an independent moral standard distinct from their general principle.
a.
True
b.
False
42. The main point of the "Battle Over Bottled Water" is that water is the lifeblood of the earth.
a.
True
b.
False
43. According to Mill, to say that I have a right to something is to say that I have a valid claim on society to protect me in
the possession of that thing, either by force of law or through education and opinion.
a.
True
b.
False
44. In his Principles of Political Economy, J.S. Mill argued for the desirability of breaking down the sharp and hostile
division between the producers or workers, on the one hand, and the capitalists or owners, on the other hand.
a.
True
b.
False
45. According to libertarianism, liberty is the prime value, and justice consists in permitting each to live as he or she
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
pleases, free from the interference of others.
a.
True
b.
False
46. It is clear that women in the United States have no problem living the American Dream.
a.
True
b.
False
47. Libertarianism involves a commitment to leaving market relations-buying, selling, and other exchanges-totally
unrestricted.
a.
True
b.
False
48. Libertarians would find it immoral and unjust to coerce people to give food or money to the starving.
a.
True
b.
False
49. John Rawls's second principle of justice states that insofar as inequalities are permitted -- that is, insofar as it is
compatible with justice for some jobs or positions to bring greater rewards than others -- these positions must be open to
all.
a.
True
b.
False
50. D.W. Haslett argues that inheritance is inconsistent with capitalism.
a.
True
b.
False
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
51. Talk of justice and injustice typically focuses on several related moral ideas. Explain what they are.
52. According to John Stuart Mill, what does it mean to say that a person has a right to something?
53. What do economists mean by "the declining marginal utility of money" and how does Brandt use the concept to argue
for greater economic equality?
54. Briefly explain the basic principles of Nozick's entitlement theory.
55. If the market is left without regulation, will it eventually reward those that deserve it?
56. What does Rawls mean by the original position and the veil of ignorance?
57. What is the “maximin” rule for making decisions and what role does it play in Rawls's argument?
58. John Isbister in "Income Distribution" argues that pay differentials are necessary to acknowledge capability, work and
talent differences. Is he right?
59. Define “Lockean rights” in your own words.
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Chapter 3 - Justice and Economic Distribution
60. Explain the relationship between justice and fairness.
61. Based on the nature of justice, choose a proposed political viewpoint and explain how just it is.
62. Apply the Libertarian view to the poverty in America to justify or expose its value.
63. Explain what Robert Nozick say to Bill Gates concerning his accumulation of wealth. Apply his proponents to the
situation.
64. How would Rawls view an inheritance from a family member?
65. Can wealth legitimately be spread equally among the people of a nation based on the philosophers you have been
introduced to?
