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b. about one-third
c. amount one-half
d. almost all
53. Project Drawdown ranks the impact of sustainability solutions based on their project
global GHG reductions by 2050. The term “drawdown” refers to reducing ______.
a. the total CO2 emissions
b. the amount of funds spent on sustainability initiatives annually
c. the annual amount of atmospheric GHG concentrations
d. the planning document which is the basis for the Environmental Management System
54. The CEO of a company has decided to make that company an eco-friendly
organization. What should be the CEO’s first step in starting this process?
a. Involve all employees by taking a survey about initiatives that would be most popular.
b. Assign one specific manager responsibility for implementing an environmental
program.
c. Create a council among executive leadership with responsibility for implementing
sustainability.
d. Copy the sustainability program of an environmental leader like Walmart or Coca–
Cola.
55. Which of the following is most desirable when selecting an employee to oversee the
implementation process of greening the organization?
a. positive attitude toward change
b. significant experience in leading teams
c. high organizational citizenship behaviors
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d. natural born leader
56. Which of the following should be a core functionality of employee green committees
or green teams?
a. designing the company’s green goals and changes to production processes
b. reaching out to government regulators about company goals
c. helping solve interdepartmental issues related to environmental programs
d. coordinating with international bodies like the Paris Accord implementation leadership
57. Who should be appointed to employee green teams?
a. high-functioning employees from the human resources department
b. a random cross-section that includes employees from every department
c. vested executive leadership
d. some of the company’s go-getter employees
58. In addition to developing goals and targets, which of the following components is
necessary for continuous environmental improvement by an organization?
a. establishment of historical benchmark measurements
b. investment in green/LEED building construction
c. annual reduction in CO2 emissions
d. a cultural revolution within the organization
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59. At Edgewood College, what was the difference between the efforts of the Green
Campus Task Force and the green team it later transformed into?
a. The task force was more focused on changing culture than on specific programs or
goals.
b. The task force was more focused on how past efforts could inform new ones.
c. The task force was more interested in developing best practices than in reaching out
to staff.
d. The task force was more internally-focused, while the green team was more
externally-focused.
60. Which of the following was accomplished by Edgewood College’s new
environmental focus and green team?
a. adherence to the Paris Climate agreement for small organizations
b. the first LEED-certified residence hall in Wisconsin
c. conversion of the campus to 100 percent renewable energy
d. a requirement that all students contribute time to environmental cleanup efforts
61. Howard is the dean of a small liberal arts college in Pennsylvania. The college has
just joined the Billion Dollar Green Challenge. What will he have to do (in coordination
with other leadership) to implement this program?
a. Reduce the school’s energy by 1% each year they participate in the challenge.
b. Have students make a pledge that they will make contributions to environmental
causes in their future careers.
c. Contribute school profits to a national fund seeking to raise a billion dollars for climate
change.
d. Give part of the school’s endowment to finance energy-efficient improvements.
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62. Which organization has created a benchmarking tool for creating campus
sustainability plans?
a. Environmental Protection Agency
b. Department of Natural Resources
c. The Princeton Review Guide to Green Colleges
d. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education
63. Which of the following could a company concerned about its environmental impact
seek from the EPA?
a. free installation of carbon-scrubbing technology
b. immunity from inspections for a period of one year
c. tools for implementing an Environmental Management System
d. advance warning about what exactly an EPA audit will cover and when it will come
64. What is one of the most visible signs of caring for the environment and employees?
a. providing all employees with a Green Master’s Program Checklist
b. operating in a green energy-efficient building
c. having an environmental management system plan
d. posting environmental impact performance in employee areas
65. What do an environmental mission statement and a code of ethics have in
common?
a. They list specific actions taken to improve an ethical profile.
b. They are foundational statements used to determine and assess specific actions.
c. They have more to do with the average employee than with management.
d. They require the use of a lawyer to design.
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66. Which of the following should be integrated into the organization’s overall mission
statement?
a. responsibility
b. recycling
c. commitment
d. sustainability
67. Mikala is auditing financial statement for a British company and notices a line item
titled, “Green dot licensing fee.” Based on what you know about the EU Packaging and
Packaging Waste Directive, what does this line item represent?
a. the charges associated with purchasing carbon offsets
b. expenses related to penalties associated with improper packaging
c. the fee paid to a third party to collect and recycle the company’s product packaging
d. the additional cost of adding a cradle-to-cradle packaging sticker
68. If a manufactured paper good is a cradle–to-cradle product, what happens to it after
it has been completely used by the initial customer?
a. It is biodegradable, breaking down entirely into organic matter.
b. It is converted to energy by a utility or other manufacturing company.
c. It is disposed of in a green landfill.
d. One hundred percent of the waste product becomes recycled or is reused.
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69. How does a company acquire certification that it has produced a cradle–to-cradle
product?
a. It receives certification from a qualified third party.
b. It employs a self-certification process.
c. The federal government certifies the product.
d. The appropriate state governmental authority certifies it.
70. What business sector accounts for almost 40% of CO2 emissions in the United
States?
a. industrial sector
b. building sector
c. transportation sector
d. energy sector
71. What is a major benefit for a company of building a green building?
a. It makes the company much more profitable.
b. It ensures positive media exposure.
c. It has low up-front costs but high energy-savings.
d. It does a lot to advertise company values to the public.
72. When compared to a traditional building, LEED-certified buildings are responsible
for ______ less CO2 emissions.
a. 14%
b. 54%
c. 34%
d. 64%
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73. Which of the following has been a traditional complaint about the LEED system,
which the United States Green Building Council has sought to rectify?
a. the lack of tax credits available for LEED building owners or builders
b. the unrealistic requirements to get LEED certification
c. the lack of energy savings from an LEED building
d. the certification point system for LEED certification can be manipulated
74. How does Walmart help ensure that its entire supply chain is more eco-friendly?
a. It gives its suppliers credits for applying standards similar to its own.
b. It manufactures everything in-house so that it can apply strict standards.
c. It contracts with suppliers only from developed countries.
d. It works only with suppliers that have signed the Paris Accord’s science-based
standards.
75. What entity originated the Environmental Management System (EMS)?
a. the United Nations
b. the Obama presidential administration
c. the International Organization for Standardization
d. a consortium of nonprofit environmental groups
76. Which of the following must happen in adoption of an Environmental Management
System?
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a. Execution of an extensive employee training program in the needs of an eco-friendly
footprint in the marketplace.
b. Installation of clean energy equipment and acceptance of waste targets detailed in
the global EMS standards.
c. Implementation of ISO’s standardized planning system for corporations in creation of
environmental policy and procedures.
d. Creation of a written document detailing all the organization’s environmental policy,
planning, implementation, and review processes.
77. Why is it necessary to link analysis of environmental performance to organizational
strategy?
a. Based on strategy, it may be acceptable to avoid or work against some federal
environmental guidelines.
b. Managers will not know what eco-friendly behavior is without a strategy guide.
c. It is impossible to measure current environmental input or output divorced from
strategy.
d. Based on strategy, some increase in energy use or waste may be acceptable.
78. If a potential investor was interested in comparing the environmental, social, and
governance performance measures of a few different companies, what business
document would be most helpful?
a. the Carbonfund.org calculator
b. sustainable products checklist
c. Environmental Financial Statement
d. Green Philanthropy Annual Report
79. Under which condition would a company purchase carbon offsets?
a. It is unable to reduce its carbon footprint as much as it would like.
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b. It wants to acquire another company’s governmental carbon allowances.
c. It is unable to develop an environmental management system.
d. It is uninterested in trying to protect the environment.
80. What form of climate change mitigation is illustrated in the text’s description of
action by Michael Bloomberg?
a. direct philanthropic donation
b. purchasing carbon offsets
c. reducing carbon footprint
d. executive-level government regulation
True/False
1. Organizations committed to social change are liberal in political affiliation.
2. Coal emits twice as much CO2 as natural gas
3. Businesses that accept and follow the law are eco-efficient.
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4. The planet is expected to stabilize at five Americums within the next 50 years.
5. The United States signed the Kyoto Protocol but rejected the provisions of the Paris
Agreement.
6. Participation in an Emissions Trading System can have big benefits for low-carbon
organizations.
7. It is now cheaper to build new renewable sources than to operate existing coal plants.
8. The implementation of an Environmental Management System is required to get ISO
14001 certification.
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9. A core function of employee green committees is to mitigate cross-departmental
problems of environmental program implementation.
10. Biomass is the most environmentally friendly renewable energy source.
Short Answer
1. Who is affected most by damage associated with hurricanes and flooding? Why is
this a global issue?
2. How do human CO2 emissions contribute to climate change?
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3. Describe what constitutes an Americum and give some examples of Americums in
the world today.
4. What should an environmental mission statement include and accomplish?
5. Describe the Environmental Management System (EMS) plan.
Essay
1. Compare the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement.
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2. Contrast the environmental policies and actions of Republican and Democratic
presidential administrations.
3. Sanil is trying to decide whether to begin the process of converting the company to
become eco-friendly. With respect to disadvantages or benefits to the company, what
should Sanil consider when trying to make this decision?
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4. Sanil is trying to decide whether to begin the process of converting the company to
become eco-friendly. If Sanil makes the decision that the company will “go green,” what
steps should be taken to begin and implement the process?
5. Describe and provide examples of some of the most common carbon offsets used by
organizations and under what conditions the offsets are tax deductible.
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