Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
Test Bank
Chapter 2: Ethical Decision Making And Action
Multiple Choice
1. In the past, scholars and researchers did not include ______ as part of the moral
decision-making process.
a. emotions
b. values
c. logic
d. reason
2. We are more likely to recognize a moral or ethical dilemma based on its moral
______.
a. hypocrisy
b. muteness
c. intensity
d. imagination
3. Which Harvard psychologist developed moral stages, which illustrated that individuals
develop morally just as they would develop physically?
a. James Rest
b. Lawrence Kohlberg
c. Patricia Werhane
d. Rushworth Kidder
4. In Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, a child obeys the rules of the house to
avoid a punishment. This is an example of Stage ______ in Kohlberg’s moral
development theory.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
5. The forecasting team needed direction and decisions from their manager, Kathy.
They were already two days overdue on the project deadline. Kathy didn’t want to
disappoint any of her colleagues and she was trying to people please all of her
coworkers, even to the point of a late project. Which negative motivating factor did
Kathy demonstrate?
a. greed
b. insecurity
c. ego
d. all of these
6. When a coworker confronted Grady about the large discrepancy in the inventory list,
he claimed, “The boss made me do it.” This dissonance is an example of moral ______.
a. imagination
b. intensity
c. disengagement
d. hypocrisy
7. Which is a true statement about the role of emotion in moral decision-making?
a. view emotion with suspicion
b. rely on emotion, not logic
c. use both cognition and emotion
d. none of these
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
8. Emotions or intuitions would be most important in determining ______.
a. whether or not to pay a bribe
b. if a marketing campaign violates ethical marketing principles
c. whether or not to take a patient off of life support
d. the severity of punishment for breaking a company rule
9. Susan is strongly against siblings marrying one another but cannot explain why she
feels the way she does. Susan’s response is an example of ______.
a. moral sensitivity
b. moral dumbfounding
c. social intuition
d. hyperjudgment
10. In ______, organizational members step outside their current frame of reference to
assess and evaluate.
a. moral imagination
b. moral intensity
c. moral proximity
d. none of these
11. An ethical scandal leading to the loss of billions of dollars and the loss of thousands
of jobs attracts the attention of the public for reasons of ______.
a. temporal immediacy
b. social consensus
c. proximity
d. magnitude of consequences
12. Perspective taking skills play an important role in the moral ______ component of
ethical behavior.
a. judgment
b. sensitivity (recognition)
c. motivation
d. character
13. Most people are at the ______ level of moral development.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional (principled)
d. over conventional
14. David looks to his coworkers when determining whether he should obey the
company’s code of ethics. He is reasoning at the ______ level.
a. conventional
b. preconventional
c. postconventional (principled)
d. none of these
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
15. ______ and ______ play an important role in following through on ethical choices.
a. Time; rewards
b. Patience; social support
c. Rewards; emotions
d. Interest; resources
16. Moral ______ describes the tendency of people to want to appear moral when
acting immorally.
a. muteness
b. hypocrisy
c. determination
d. dumbfounding
17. Which of the following increases your moral motivation?
a. punish yourself for doing the wrong thing
b. resist emotions
c. seek out organizations that reward ethical behaviors
d. all of these
18. Which theorist developed the four-component model of ethical behavior?
a. Lawrence Kohlberg
b. James Rest
c. Patricia Werhane
d. Rushworth Kidder
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
19. Problem analysis and data collection come in which stage of the Five “I” decision–
making format?
a. identify
b. investigate
c. isolate
d. innovate
20. We are more likely to take notice of ethical issues when they involve people who are
close to us. This is referred to as ______.
a. magnitude of consequences
b. social consensus
c. proximity
d. temporal immediacy
21. Sam is angry about the wide gap between the wealthy and the poor in society. He is
demonstrating which type of moral emotion?
a. other-suffering
b. self-conscious
c. other-condemning
d. other-praising
22. People act like natural scientists according to which ethical decision-making
framework?
a. the moral compass
b. five “I” format
c. foursquare protocol
d. Lonergan/Baird Method
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
23. Making sense of the data we have gathered takes place during which step of the
Lonergan/Baird method?
a. be attentive
b. be intelligent
c. be reasonable
d. be responsible
24. Forgetting that we have violated moral rules is associated with which cognitive bias?
a. overestimating our ethicality
b. favoring members of our own group
c. forgiving our own unethical behavior
d. implicit prejudice
25. The last step of the Foursquare Protocol is ______.
a. situating yourself to decide
b. gathering accumulated experience in similar situation
c. close description of the situation
d. recognize the significant similarities between the current problem and past ones
26. The predisposition to note the ethical dimension of experiences and events is
termed moral ______.
a. sensitivity
b. thoughtfulness
c. attentiveness
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
d. responsiveness
27. Component ______ of ethical behavior focuses on recognizing that an ethical
problem exists.
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation
d. 4: moral character
28. Component ______ of ethical behavior finds that decision makers must follow
through on their choice.
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation
d. 4: moral character
29. Component ______ of ethical behavior can mean that successful implementation
has developed competence.
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation
d. 4: moral character
30. Component ______ of ethical behavior is where a decision maker makes
judgements about the right or wrong things to do in the specific context?
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation
d. 4: moral character
31. Which item is not a suggested tip for enhancing your ethical sensitivity?
a. engage in active listening and role playing
b. talk to all your friends about the ethical dilemma
c. pay attention to your feelings
d. crank up the moral intensity
32. When individuals make an ethical decision on the basis of avoiding direct
consequences and they obey to avoid punishment, this is an example of Level ______
thinking stage of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
a. 1: preconventional
b. 2: conventional
c. 3: postconventional or principled
d. 4: graduated level of
33. An individual who is able to apply the most advanced type of reasoning and relies
on universal values and principles is applying Level ______ thinking of ethical decision–
making.
a. 1: preconventional
b. 2: conventional
c. 3: postconventional or principled
d. 4: graduated level of
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
34. According to Kohlberg, about 20% of Americans can be classified at Level ______
thinking of moral thinking
a. 1: preconventional
b. 2: conventional
c. 3: postconventional or principled
d. 4: graduated level of
35. Level ______ thinking of ethical decision maker will tend to look to other people for
guidance. They may also look to work rules and leaders to help determine what their
right is from their wrong.
a. 1: preconventional
b. 2: conventional
c. 3: postconventional or principled
d. 4: graduated level of
36. Which one of the items below is NOT a noted destructive motivation?
a. fear of failure
b. insecurities
c. greed
d. ego
37. Emily was very caught up in her role as CEO. She often used other people to
achieve her accomplishments and was overly confident in her position. Which
destructive motivation is Emily displaying?
a. fear of failure
b. insecurities
c. greed
d. ego
38. John knew he struggled with self-doubt and if he didn’t confront his own trap, he
would not be an effective leader. What destructive motivation is John wrestling with?
a. fear of failure
b. insecurities
c. greed
d. ego
39. What is the psychological tension called when our actions and self-images do not
match?
a. motivated forgetting
b. moral disengagement
c. slippery slope
d. cognitive dissonance
40. When people convince themselves that their questionable behavior was morally
permissible because of the purpose, other forces, lack of consequences or the victim
had it coming, this is a form of ______.
a. motivated forgetting
b. moral disengagement
c. slippery slope
Student Resource
Johnson, Organizational Ethics, 5e
Sage Publications, 2022
d. cognitive dissonance
41. Charolette worked with the company’s ethics department. She knew it was not right
to use company time for personal matters; however, she often chose to tackle her
personal “to do list” while at work. This is a form of ______.
a. moral hypocrisy
b. motivated forgetting
c. moral motivation
d. cognitive dissonance
42. Michael withstood a large amount of company opposition and he made the hard
decision to be fully honest about the company product recall. He felt good about his
decision, believing it was the right thing to do even if it was an expensive recall for the
company. Michael is demonstrating component ______ of ethical behavior.
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation
d. 4: moral character
43. Rebecca knew her group was lagging in projections for their company deadlines. As
project manager, she wanted to see them succeed rather than fail. Rebecca believed
her group could meet the goal with a week extension deadline. She opted to be honest
with her supervisor and ask for a deadline extension rather than fabricate inaccurate
numbers for the original deadline. Rebecca is demonstrating component ______ of
ethical behavior.
a. 1: moral sensitivity
b. 2: moral judgment
c. 3: moral motivation