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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Self-awareness and self-esteem are synonymous.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The chapter’s opening anecdote about Eric Staib illustrates what component of self-concept?
a.
looking-glass self
b.
social comparison
c.
ideal self
d.
ought self
3. A potential risk of self-disclosure is that it:
a.
helps manage personal stress and anxiety.
b.
is irreversible.
c.
helps to develop relationships.
d.
increases psychological health.
4. According to the Johari Window, what “quadrant” of the self is unknown to others and the self?
a.
open area
b.
blind area
c.
hidden area
d.
unknown self
5. A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when:
a.
thinking and believing decrease the likelihood of an event.
b.
predictions lead you to behave in ways that ensure the predictions come true.
c.
you fail to live up to the labels others place on you.
d.
you fail to act as others expect.
6. According to self-discrepancy theory, individuals are most happy when their self is most similar to their ideal
and ought selves.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Intimacy refers to the degree of arousal one feels toward one’s partner.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Losing face can result in feelings of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment.
a.
True
b.
False
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9. Your public self is synonymous with your face.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Your “face” is the self you only show yourself.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Which of the following statements suggests that your self-concept is influenced by the labels others put on
you?
a.
My father always said I was the black sheep of the family.
b.
I see myself as a student, worker, and son.
c.
I am happy with myself.
d.
I am an extroverted person.
12. Which of the following is NOT typically a part of a female’s lifelong gender socialization process?
a.
femininity
b.
sensitivity
c.
nurturance
d.
competitiveness
13. Which of these behaviors may increase your self-esteem?
a.
establishing consistency between your ought and ideal selves
b.
living in an appearance-obsessed culture
c.
revising and redefining unrealistic standards you’ve set for your self
d.
Both A and C are correct.
14. Which of the following represents an appropriate amount of self-disclosure at the very beginning of a
relationship?
a.
little breadth and little depth
b.
little breadth and great depth
c.
great breadth and little depth
d.
great breadth and great depth
15. Jacqueline fears rejection and worries that her boyfriend will leave her. What attachment style is she
experiencing?
a.
fearful attachment
b.
secure attachment
c.
dismissive attachment
d.
preoccupied attachment
16. The self is formed in infancy and remains fairly static over time.
a.
True
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b.
False
17. According to self-discrepancy theory, the greater the discrepancy between your ideal and ought selves, the
higher your self-esteem.
a.
True
b.
False
18. “Post-cyber-disclosure panic” is the:
a.
tendency to disclose more online.
b.
tendency to disclose too little online.
c.
belief that adolescents don’t disclose enough to their parents.
d.
realization that your personal e-mails and texts may be read by others.
19. If Mark has never had a long-term relationship because he reacts negatively to any perceived problem or
“bump” in the relationship, what type of attachment style is Mark likely to have?
a.
secure
b.
None of the options is correct.
c.
fearful
d.
preoccupied
20. Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self suggests that you form your self-concept by closely examining
and evaluating yourself.
a.
True
b.
False
21. According to social penetration theory, if you are only comfortable disclosing your favorite foods,
restaurants, bands, or hobbies, which layer of the self is shared?
a.
peripheral layer
b.
intermediate layer
c.
core layer
d.
central layer
22. A relational partner with a preoccupied attachment style may be characterized by:
a.
high anxiety.
b.
high avoidance.
c.
a desire for distance.
d.
All of the options are correct.
23. Which of these patterns of self-disclosure commonly characterizes an intimate personal relationship?
a.
little breadth and little depth
b.
little breadth and great depth
c.
great breadth and little depth
d.
great breadth and great depth
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24. Evaluative appraisals of your self are known as:
a.
attitudes.
b.
values.
c.
beliefs.
d.
personal constructs.
25. People tend to disclose more quickly when interacting face-to-face than when interacting online.
a.
True
b.
False
26. If a Hollywood actor is gay but keeps his sexual orientation a secret, which strategy is he using to maintain
his public self?
a.
face
b.
mask
c.
hidden self
d.
closed self
27. People with large hidden areas as depicted in the Johari Window typically:
a.
fear rejection.
b.
do not want to learn about the people they interact with.
c.
expect acceptance.
d.
do not withhold aspects of themselves.
28. While at the park with friends, Mia boasts about what a good gymnast she was when growing up. When she
attempts to show off her cartwheel, she fails and falls to the ground. What is Mia likely to experience as a
result?
a.
individualism
b.
losing face
c.
embarrassment
d.
Both B and C are correct.
29. If you and your friend discuss many different topics but do so on a superficial level only, your self-
disclosure has:
a.
minimal breadth and depth.
b.
great breadth and depth.
c.
great breadth but little depth.
d.
great depth but little breadth.
30. Which of the following is NOT a usual characteristic of online masks?
a.
Men are more likely to present themselves as experts.
b.
Women are more likely to present themselves as experts.
c.
Women are more likely to offer supportive messages.
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d.
Men are more likely to answer questions.
31. Which of the following does NOT influence the self?
a.
face
b.
culture
c.
family
d.
gender
32. Our self-esteem is likely to:
a.
increase as we decrease differences between our ought and ideal selves.
b.
decrease as we increase differences between our ought and ideal selves.
c.
stay the same as long as we align our ought and ideal selves.
d.
increase once we find our ideal self.
33. Which of the following is NOT true of self-disclosure?
a.
People tend to disclose more quickly online than face-to-face.
b.
Self-disclosure increases mental health and relieves stress.
c.
Euro-Americans tend to disclose less than Hispanics.
d.
Women disclose more than men.
34. According to the Johari Window, what “quadrant” of the self is unknown to others but known to the self?
a.
open area
b.
blind area
c.
hidden area
d.
closed area
35. If a child and his or her caregiver have a close, affectionate, and secure relationship, the child is likely to
learn a secure attachment style.
a.
True
b.
False
36. Gender refers to the biological state of having either male or female sexual organs.
a.
True
b.
False
37. Three important influences upon the self are family, gender, and culture.
a.
True
b.
False
38. According to the Johari Window, what “quadrant” of the self is known both to others and to the self?
a.
unknown area
b.
known area
c.
hidden area
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d.
public area
39. According to the Johari Window, what “quadrant” of the self is known to others but unknown to the self?
a.
open area
b.
blind area
c.
hidden area
d.
closed area
40. The process of social comparison can result in positive or negative self-esteem, depending on whether we
compare favorably or unfavorably to others.
a.
True
b.
False
41. If you perceive yourself as professionally capable and do well in a job interview as a result, your experience
exemplifies:
a.
social comparison.
b.
the looking-glass self.
c.
self-discrepancy theory.
d.
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
42. Enduring principles that govern your behavior are called:
a.
attitudes.
b.
values.
c.
beliefs.
d.
personal constructs.
43. According to social penetration theory, breadth refers to how personally or deeply you self-disclose.
a.
True
b.
False
44. According to social penetration theory, depth refers to the number of different aspects of self a relational
partner reveals.
a.
True
b.
False
45. Self-concept can best be characterized as:
a.
perceptions we have about ourselves.
b.
static, unchanging over time.
c.
always positive.
d.
always negative.
46. People with high self-esteem tend to exhibit which of these characteristics?
a.
insecurity in their personal relationships
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b.
authoritarian tendencies
c.
high academic performance
d.
disregard for others’ opinion
47. Research suggests that those who have high self-concept clarity are less likely to experience chronic
depression.
a.
True
b.
False
48. Your self-concept is based on the beliefs, attitudes, and values your significant other has about you.
a.
True
b.
False
49. What is a way you can improve your self-disclosure?
a.
know your self
b.
know others
c.
be sensitive to cultural differences
d.
All of the options are correct.
50. When communicating online, you should:
a.
remain aware of your online persona.
b.
remember that viewers tend to perceive you based upon your self-worth.
c.
never presume the gender of someone you are communicating with.
d.
assume that a person’s online and offline identities are the same.
51. Self-concept is composed of:
a.
attitudes.
b.
beliefs.
c.
values.
d.
All of the options are correct.
52. According to social penetration theory, at which layer are a person’s attitudes, beliefs, and opinions
disclosed?
a.
peripheral layer
b.
intermediate layer
c.
central layer
d.
outer layer
53. According to social penetration theory, a person’s age, sex, race, and ethnicity are represented by the:
a.
peripheral layer.
b.
intermediate layer.
c.
central layer.
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d.
outer layer.
54. Which of the following serves as an effective metaphor for social penetration theory?
a.
broccoli
b.
asparagus
c.
carrot
d.
onion
55. If your friend declares that “dishonoring and disrespecting your mother is just plain wrong,” his statement is
an example of a(n):
a.
attitude.
b.
belief.
c.
value.
d.
personal construct.
56. According to the interpersonal process model of intimacy, closeness is based solely on your self-disclosure
to others.
a.
True
b.
False
57. According to social penetration theory, at which layer are a person’s values, self-concept, and personality
revealed?
a.
peripheral layer
b.
intermediate layer
c.
central layer
d.
outer layer
58. Kyle avoids close, long-term relationships, yet he exhibits little anxiety. What attachment style best
describes him?
a.
secure attachment
b.
dismissive attachment
c.
preoccupied attachment
d.
fearful attachment
59. Convictions that an individual holds to be true are called:
a.
attitudes.
b.
beliefs.
c.
values.
d.
personal constructs.
60. According to self-discrepancy theory, we feel happiest when:
a.
our self-concept matches our ideal and ought selves.
b.
our self-concept exceeds our ideal and ought selves.
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c.
there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and ought selves.
d.
we perceive our self-concept to be inferior to our ideal and ought selves.
61. If your ought self and ideal self are consistent with each other, you are likely to experience higher levels of
happiness and self-esteem.
a.
True
b.
False
62. Self-disclosure is necessary to start and develop your personal relationships.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Self-fulfilling prophecies can set both positive and negative events in motion.
a.
True
b.
False
64. Mike shares intimate details about his romantic relationship with people he’s just met. According to the
Johari Window, Mike has a relatively large:
a.
public area.
b.
blind area.
c.
hidden area.
d.
unknown area.
65. If your relational partner feels unlovable and unworthy, he or she may be experiencing attachment anxiety.
a.
True
b.
False
66. Which of the following characteristics is typical of a male’s lifelong gender socialization process?
a.
dependence
b.
achievements
c.
aggressiveness
d.
interpersonal connections
67. Gender is a composite of attributes learned through socialization, beginning at birth and continuing within
families.
a.
True
b.
False
68. According to the text, the self is:
a.
composed of others’ perceptions.
b.
influenced by setbacks in life.
c.
composed of self-awareness.
d.
influenced by goals you have set.
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69. Which of the following is a strategy for maintaining or saving face?
a.
using words and actions inconsistent with the face you are presenting
b.
using communication that complements your face
c.
using communication that disregards others’ perceptions of you
d.
passively presenting your face through your communication
70. According to the Johari Window, the aspects of your self that are known to others but not to you are called
the unknown area.
a.
True
b.
False
71. Which statement about self-disclosure is true?
a.
Self-disclosure is similar among cultures.
b.
Self-disclosure is similar among individuals.
c.
Men and women disclose similarly.
d.
Self-disclosure is always safe.
72. Social penetration refers to the gradual process of shedding layers of the self and increasing physical
intimacy in interpersonal relationships.
a.
True
b.
False
73. If Chloe and her partner Sam work together to competently confront any problems in their relationship, they
probably have what type of attachment style?
a.
secure
b.
fearful
c.
dismissive
d.
preoccupied
74. Which of the following statements best exemplifies the influence the looking-glass self has on your self-
concept?
a.
My mom tells me I am the best little boy in the world and I believe her.
b.
I am a son and a student.
c.
I think Olivia is the smartest student in the class besides me.
d.
I am an extroverted people person.
75. Which of these is a common practice on social networking and dating sites?
a.
using selective self-presentation
b.
using a mask
c.
accentuating positive characteristics
d.
All of the options are correct.
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76. Your self-concept is shaped by your:
a.
personality.
b.
interactions with others.
c.
income.
d.
profession.
77. If you have a secure attachment style, you are more likely to:
a.
develop temporary relationships.
b.
be uncomfortable with intimacy.
c.
lack confidence in your ability to communicate.
d.
have high self-esteem.
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.
78. According to the _______, the closeness we feel toward others is created through self-disclosure and the
responsiveness of listeners to disclosure.
79. A _______ is a public self designed to hide your private self.
80. The attachment style of a person who is high in attachment anxiety yet low in attachment avoidance is
_______.
81. The attachment style of a person who is low in both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance is known
as _______.
82. _______ is the attachment style of a person who is low in attachment anxiety but high in attachment
avoidance.
83. _______ is observing and assigning meaning to others’ behaviors and comparing them against your own.
84. _______ is the overall value, positive or negative, you assign your self.
85. Defining your self-concept by thinking about how others see and evaluate you is your _______.
86. The composite of social, psychological, and cultural attributes that characterize you as male or female is
_______.
87. A person who is high in both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance has a _______ style.
88. _______ is composed of an evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem.
89. Your _______ is the public self you want others to see and know.
90. _______ theory is the idea that we reveal ourselves in layers like those of an onion.
91. _______ is the degree to which one has a clearly defined and consistent sense of self.
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92. _______ are predictions about future interactions that lead you to behave in ways that ensure the interaction
will unfold as you predicted.
93. _______ is your overall perception of who you are.
94. _______ is revealing private information about your self to others.
95. _______ theory states that we compare the ideal self and the ought self to determine our self-esteem.
96. The ability to view yourself as a unique person distinct from your surrounding environment is _______.
97. Feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness as a result of losing face are characteristics of _______.
98. _______ is the feeling of closeness or “union” that exists between you and your partner.
99. The degree to which online information is supported by other people or evidence is its _______.
100. Differentiate between an online description that has low warranting value and one that has high warranting
value.
101. How can “the interview test” help protect one’s online persona?
102. What is gender?
103. Explain the social penetration theory and its impact on self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships.
104. What are the three components of self?
105. How might interactions with others impact your self-concept?
106. How does self-esteem impact interpersonal communication?
107. Discuss the overall value of self-disclosure in personal relationships. Compare and contrast both the
benefits and risks of engaging in self-disclosure.
108. Self-esteem is composed of what two mental standards?
109. Identify the risks of self-disclosure.
110. Explain “post-cyber-disclosure panic.”
111. List three ways to disclose your self competently.
112. Describe the ways in which you can increase your self-disclosure competency.
113. Explain how low self-esteem can spawn a vicious cycle.
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114. Explain how self-fulfilling prophecies work, and give an example of how they might impact your academic
performance.
115. How can warranting value enhance one’s online persona?
116. Identify the benefits of self-disclosure.
117. What are some ways to improve your self-esteem?
118. Describe the Johari Window. Then identify and give an example of each quadrant.
119. Explain attachment theory. Identify and give examples of the four different attachment styles.
120. Explain the difference between self-esteem and self-concept.
121. Identify the two primary components of the social penetration theory.
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