Rule utilitarians
a. believe that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance.
b. believe that the optimal moral code would consist of only one rule, namely, always
act so as to maximize happiness.
c. assume that everyone will always follow the rules, all the time.
d. believe that an action is wrong if it fails to maximize happiness.
Answer:
Utilitarians believe that
a. knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or
inherently good).
b. we can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions.
c. an action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that you could
have performed instead would have brought about even more unhappiness.
d. an action can’t be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered by
the people who are made unhappy by it.
Answer:
Which of the following is a correct statement about union activities?
a. A sympathetic strike occurs when workers who have no particular grievance of their
own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of
others.
b. A corporate campaign occurs when people refuse to patronize companies that handle
products of struck companies.
c. The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act forbids individual states from outlawing union shops.
d. Labor historians generally consider the American Federation of Labor (AFL) the first
truly national trade union.
Answer:
A basic tenet of capitalism is that
a. property refers only to physical objects.
b. ownership is a simple relationship between a person and the thing owned.
c. capitalism requires private ownership of the major means of production.
d. in the 21st century, capitalism no longer requires capital.
Answer:
Imagine a shopkeeper who is honest because being honest is good for business. When
the shopkeeper refrains from cheating a customer, Kant would say this action
a. was wrong because its motive was impure.
b. was in accordance with duty, but not done from duty.
c. displayed a high level of moral worth.
d. shows that he was following the categorical imperative.
Answer:
If you adopt ethical egoism as your moral code, then
a. you can never act honestly or be gracious or helpful to others.
b. you must endorse hedonism.
c. you must always avoid any unpleasant or painful experiences.
d. you believe that it is morally right to do whatever promotes your self-interest.
Answer:
Conflicts of interest
a. have become less frequent today.
b. always involve personal financial gain.
c. are morally worrisome only when the employee acts to the detriment of the company.
d. occur when employees’ private interests are substantial enough to potentially
interfere with their job duties.
Answer:
One of the three chief sources for dissatisfaction in the workplace is
a. lack of opportunities to be promoted faster.
b. lack of opportunities to have a company vehicle.
c. lack of opportunities to have one’s own office.
d. lack of opportunities to be one’s own boss.
Answer:
Privacy
a. is an absolute value.
b. must be respected if we are to function as complete, self-governing agents.
c. is something that employees today don’t care about.
d. is guaranteed by Article 3, section 3, of the Constitution.
Answer:
The English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) called conscious and unconscious
biases and stereotypes
a. “plagues of interviewing.”
b. “idols of the mind.”
c. “the best tools.”
d. “mind benders.”
Answer:
Which of the following is not one of the four basic kinds of law?
a. statutes c. common law
b. constitutional law d. contractual law
Answer:
Douglas McGregor rejects Theory X, which holds that
a. when explained properly, everyone will favor drug-testing programs.
b. workers essentially dislike work and will do everything they can to avoid it.
c. workers basically like work and view it as something natural and potentially
enjoyable.
d. sexual harassment is a form of discrimination.
Answer:
The first principle of Nozick’s entitlement theory concerns the original acquisition of
a. morals.
b. goods, money, and property.
c. case law.
d. the crown.
Answer:
Who is more likely to be sympathetic with the idea of reducing the disparities of
income in society?
a. Utilitarians
b. Libertarians
c. Robert Nozick
d. Milton Friedman
Answer:
An early 1970s government study (“Work in America”) identified three chief sources of
worker dissatisfaction. Which of the following is one of those sources?
a. industry’s preoccupation with quality, not quantity
b. the rigidity of rules and regulations
c. the relatively small size of most U.S. corporations
d. mandatory drug testing programs used by many U.S. corporations
Answer:
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that
postal workers who tested positive for drug use in a pre-employment urine test were at
least 50 percent more likely to be
a. promoted.
b. transferred.
c. honored for community service.
d. fired, injured, disciplined, or absent than those who tested negative.
Answer:
Businesses cite several reasons for using polygraphs to detect lying. Which of the
following is one of those reasons?
a. the polygraph is a fast and economical way to verify the information provided by a
job applicant.
b. polygraph tests cannot be beaten.
c. the polygraph can reveal with certainty that a person is or is not telling the truth.
d. the polygraph allows companies to increase the number of audits.
Answer:
Which of the following is an example of price gouging?
a. Selling World Series Tickets for $300.
b. New York hotels that doubled or tripled their prices in the aftermath of the September
11, 2001, attacks.
c. Having to pay above the seller’s original asking price for a home.
d. Increasing the price of lawn movers in the spring and summer.
Answer:
Legal paternalism is the doctrine that the law
a. may justifiably restrict the freedom of the individual for his or her own good.
b. may justifiably forbid lawsuits against those who act paternalistically.
c. should encourage business to develop a paternal sense of responsibility for
consumers.
d. should only restrict people’s freedom in order to protect other people.
Answer:
“Pollution permits” are an example of which of the following methods of achieving our
environmental goals?
a. pricing mechanisms
b. government subsidies
c. a laissez-faire approach
d. regulations
Answer:
Those with a broader view concerning business obligations believe that with power
comes
a. more power.
b. more money.
c. too many limits.
d. social responsibility.
Answer:
A moral vegetarian
a. rejects eating meat based on moral grounds.
b. only eats animal that were raised humanely.
c. does not believe animals suffer.
d. the pleasure we get from eating a hamburger justifies the price the animals pay.
Answer:
Which statement accurately describes capitalism?
a. Industrial capitalism is characterized by pools, trusts, holding companies and an
interpenetration of banking, insurance and industrial interests.
b. Mercantile capitalism emerged in the United States in the period directly following
the civil war.
c. In state welfare capitalism the government plays an active role in regulating
economic activities in an effort to smooth out the boom-and-bust pattern of the business
cycle.
d. Financial capitalism developed in the period immediately prior to the Renaissance.
Answer:
John Rawls’ Theory of Justice lays within which type of tradition?
a. All for one and one for all.
b. Principled living.
c. Feudal society.
d. Social contract.
Answer:
The right to privacy of employees
a. takes priority over other moral considerations.
b. is clearly and unambiguously spelled out by the law.
c. may conflict with an organization’s legitimate interests.
d. has to be given up in an era of global competition.
Answer:
The key moral ideal in promotions is
a. loyalty.
b. likeability.
c. intelligence.
d. fairness.
Answer:
“Corporate in-fighting,” “management power struggles,” “maneuvering and politics and
power grabbing,” and “Machiavellian intrigues” are all phrases H. Ross Perot uses to
describe
a. the reality of family life today.
b. the reality of corporate life today.
c. the reality of the lunch room.
d. the reality of the drive into work.
Answer:
Accepting a moral principle
a. is a purely intellectual act like accepting a scientific hypothesis.
b. generally involves a desire to follow that principle for its own sake.
c. means you will never go against that principle.
d. is a religiously based act of faith.
Answer:
Rule utilitarians
a. believe that the optimal moral code will not normally produce 100% compliance.
b. believe that the optimal moral code would consist of only one rule, namely, always
act so as to maximize happiness.
c. assume that everyone will always follow the rules, all the time.
d. believe that an action is wrong if it fails to maximize happiness.
Answer:
In the corporate world, the board of directors will typically
a. rubber stamp the policies and recommendations of the management.
b. write the policies and procedures.
c. be there just for show.
d. hire and fire people for key management positions.
Answer:
Of these four arguments, which of the following is the most plausible argument FOR
affirmative action?
a. It evens the score with young white men, who have had it good for too long.
b. It is necessary to break the cycle that keeps minorities and women locked into
low-paying, low-prestige jobs.
c. It ignores the principle of equality.
d. It is a color-blind policy.
Answer:
Supererogatory actions are
a. actions that are normally wrong to do, but can sometimes be right.
b. actions that it would be good to do but not immoral not to do.
c. actions that we are morally required to do, all things considered.
d. actions that are wrong even though they produce some good.
Answer:
In consideration for the obligation to others,
a. we have no genuine moral obligations to future generations.
b. future people have a right to be born.
c. the U.S. uses more than its proportional share of the world’s resources.
d. environmental protection is always a static trade-off, with a fixed economic price to
be paid for the gains we want.
Answer:
Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following?
a. To a significant extent, law codifies a society’s customs, norms, and moral values.
b. The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow.
c. The law makes all immoral conduct illegal.
d. Violating the law is always immoral.
Answer:
According to Shaw and Barry, utilitarians
a. focus on human well-being and ignore animal welfare.
b. oppose animal experimentation in principle.
c. should include nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian
calculus.
d. are likely to favor factory farming.
Answer:
Justice Ginsberg and Arthur Levitt suggest that allowing insider trading could lead to a
widespread perception that “the game is rigged.”
Answer:
Adam Smith made the point that individual pursuit of self-interest (egoistic conduct),
even when subject to rules and constraints, always undermines the utilitarian goal of
producing the most good for all.
Answer:
Prudential reasons are reasons that refer to the interests of others and the demands of
morality.
Answer:
In his Principles of Political Economy, J.S. Mill argued for the desirability of breaking
down the sharp and hostile division between the producers or workers, on the one hand,
and the capitalists or owners, on the other hand.
Answer:
Externalities are the unintended negative (or in some cases positive) consequences that
an economic transaction between two parties can have on some third party.
Answer:
Insider trading is the buying or selling of stocks by insiders on the basis of information
attained by an “insider” that has not yet been made public and is likely to affect the
price of the stock.
Answer:
The capitalism that we know today in the United States is a “pure” form of laissez-faire
capitalism.
Answer:
According to the Supreme Court, men cannot be the victims of sexual harassment.
Answer:
The courts view sexual harassment as a kind of sexual discrimination.
Answer:
The disparity between private industrial costs and public social costs is what
economists call an “internality.”
Answer:
According to a socialist, the best economic system would be one where the means of
production and distribution are in the hands of the bourgeoisie.
Answer:
When weighing the decisions to dismiss employees, companies need to remember that
employment affects families and communities, not just individuals.
Answer:
Businesses are never legally responsible for accidents that occur exclusively as a result
of product misuse.
Answer:
Just cause requires that reasons for discipline or discharge relate directly to job
performance.
Answer:
“Affirmative action” refers to programs taking the race and sex of employees and job
candidates into account as part of an effort to correct imbalances in employment that
exist as a result of past discrimination, either in the company itself or in the larger
society.
Answer: