Which of the following considerations about utilitarianism is correct?
a. The great 19th century utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believed
that pleasure and happiness were different things.
b. Unlike Mill, Bentham was only concerned with the amount of pleasure that an action
produces, not the quality of the pleasure.
c. Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism boil down to the same thing.
d. Utilitarians believe that we can’t compare one person’s happiness with that of another.
Answer:
The consumer’s main source of product information is
a. testimonials of other customers.
b. billboards.
c. word of mouth.
d. the label and package.
Answer:
Which statement is true concerning moral principles and self interests?
a. Statutes are laws applied in the English-speaking world before there were any
common laws.
b. Philosophers agree that morality is based on the commands of God.
c. “Groupthink” is a positive and necessary characteristic of all groups.
d. Morality serves to restrain our purely self-interested desires so that we can all live
together.
Answer:
Milton Snoeyenbos argues that
a. settled economic life requires purely selfish behavior.
b. with ethical codes, there’s no need for taxes, laws, or regulations as a way of
controlling corporate behavior.
c. Corporate moral codes can make it more reasonable to expect employees to behave
ethically.
d. to be viable, ethical codes need not be widely accepted or part of corporate culture.
Answer:
“Pollution permits” are an example of which of the following methods of achieving our
environmental goals?
a. pricing mechanisms
b. government subsidies
c. a laissez-faire approach
d. regulations
Answer:
Tests are designed to measure the applicants’ skills in verbal, quantitative, and
a. ethical skills.
b. empathy skills.
c. logical skills.
d. social skills.
Answer:
Which of the following is an example of price gouging?
a. Selling World Series Tickets for $300.
b. New York hotels that doubled or tripled their prices in the aftermath of the September
11, 2001, attacks.
c. Having to pay above the seller’s original asking price for a home.
d. Increasing the price of lawn movers in the spring and summer.
Answer:
One reason for believing that in practice capitalism fails to live up to its own ideal of
competition is
a. we have government subsidies and protective tariffs.
b. monopolies control almost all areas of economic life.
c. so many small companies go bankrupt.
d. the outsourcing of jobs.
Answer:
Who is more likely to be sympathetic with the idea of reducing the disparities of
income in society?
a. Utilitarians
b. Libertarians
c. Robert Nozick
d. Milton Friedman
Answer:
Karl Marx believed that
a. capitalist workers suffer from alienation.
b. capitalism no longer exploits workers.
c. industrialization does away with alienation.
d. workers are alienated from their products, but not from themselves or other people.
Answer:
Terms like “can be,” “as much as,” and “help,” are examples of
a. concealment of facts.
b. truth in advertising.
c. ambiguity.
d. consumer confidence.
Answer:
Which environmental statement is true?
a. Tropical forests are the earth’s richest, oldest, and most complex ecosystems.
b. Because of technological breakthroughs, people living in developed countries put
less strain on the environment than do people in poorer countries.
c. There are only about 1000 species of animals left in the world.
d. The United States consumes only its proportional share of the world’s irreplaceable
natural resources.
Answer:
The philosopher Tom Regan
a. claims that no impartial morally sensitive person could approve of the treatment of
animals in factory farms if he or she knew what was going on.
b. argues against the use of governmental regulations to control the actions of
businesses.
c. believes that the FTC should be abolished.
d. denies that non-human animals have any moral rights.
Answer:
The Fugger dynasty was an example of
a. industrial capitalism. c. financial capitalism.
b. mercantile capitalism. d. globalized capitalism.
Answer:
Which statement is true about the hiring and employment process?
a. A job description permits employers to rely on the preferences of their customers as a
reason for discriminatory employment practices.
b. A job specification describes the qualifications an employee needs, such as skills,
educational experience, appearance, and physical attributes.
c. According to common law, unless there is an explicit contractual provision to the
contrary, every employment is employment “at will.”
d. In validating job specifications, a firm lists all pertinent details about a job, including
its duties, responsibilities, working conditions, and physical requirements.
Answer:
According to Holmes Rolston III,
a. naturalistic ethics ought to be abandoned.
b. some natural objects are morally considerable in their own right, apart from human
interests.
c. all moral rights are derived from the interests of human beings.
d. nature has no value apart from human beings.
Answer:
Milton Snoeyenbos argues that
a. settled economic life requires purely selfish behavior.
b. with ethical codes, there’s no need for taxes, laws, or regulations as a way of
controlling corporate behavior.
c. Corporate moral codes can make it more reasonable to expect employees to behave
ethically.
d. to be viable, ethical codes need not be widely accepted or part of corporate culture.
Answer:
A basic premise of Adam Smith’s invisible hand argument is
a. human beings try to avoid acquisitive behavior.
b. when people are left to pursue their own economic interests, disaster looms.
c. the division of labor, though good for the firm, reduces overall efficiency.
d. We often get what we want from others by offering something they need from us.
Answer:
According to one survey of cultural values
a. Americans value work more than Japanese do.
b. for Americans, only good health is more important than work.
c. Americans typically value things like their children’s education and a satisfactory
love life more than work.
d. Americans place no value on work, only on money.
Answer:
Out of these four, which one is the only correct statement concerning OSHA?
a. Critics call OSHA a “toothless tiger”.
b. OSHA regulates the shifts people work.
c. OSHA says few accidents are caused by sleep deprivation and fatigue.
d. OSHA states the key to worker safety is improved engineering.
Answer:
The statement that best defines rights is
a. all moral rights are legal rights.
b. a negative right is a right to receive certain benefits.
c. a right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way.
d. all moral rights are human rights.
Answer:
Many Americans oppose what issue because they fear it will lead to illegal quotas,
preferential treatment of African Americans and women, and even reverse
discrimination against white men?
a. affirmative action
b. sexual diversity
c. sexual harassment
d. age discrimination
Answer:
Choose the factual statement concerning wages:
a. An employer’s financial capabilities are irrelevant to the question of fair wages.
b. A fair wage is whatever an employee is willing to accept.
c. Extrinsic, non-job-related considerations are often relevant to setting fair wages.
d. A fair wage presupposes a fair work contract.
Answer:
According to Shaw and Barry, utilitarians
a. focus on human well-being and ignore animal welfare.
b. oppose animal experimentation in principle.
c. should include nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian
calculus.
d. are likely to favor factory farming.
Answer:
Some writers deny that employees have any obligation of loyalty to the company,
because
a. companies are not the kind of things that are properly objects of loyalty.
b. you cannot trust anyone.
c. it’s every man for himself.
d. companies just aren’t the same any more.
Answer:
In determining the morality of giving and receiving gifts in a business situation, which
of the following factors is MOSTrelevant?
a. the purpose of the gift
b. the size of the business
c. amount of the cash
d. whether the company is privately held or publicly held
Answer:
According to Kant
a. good will is the only thing that is good in itself.
b. an action has moral worth if it is consistent with the categorical imperative.
c. only actions based on feeling or sentiment have moral worth.
d. a self-interested person can never do the right action.
Answer:
Cost-benefit analysis
a. is influenced by value judgments.
b. considers only short-term effects.
c. values costs over benefits.
d. is a value-free social-scientific approach.
Answer:
Which of these statements is true concerning court cases about discrimination?
a. Brown v. Board of Education upheld the principle of ‘separate but equal.”
b. The Bakke case outlawed affirmative action across the board.
c. In the 2004 Holtz case, the Supreme Court ruled that “race-conscious” admissions
policies are unconstitutional.
d. In the recent University of Michigan cases (Gratz andGrutter), the Supreme Court
upheld a moderate, flexible affirmative action program and rejected a rigid one.
Answer:
Some critics of capitalism believe that it rests on a flawed view of human beings
because
a. capitalism produces equality.
b. capitalism eliminates poverty.
c. capitalism assumes that well-being comes from greater material consumption.
d. capitalism offers a higher sense of purpose.
Answer:
Eminent domain is the ancient right of government to take what from an individual?
a. food
b. clothing
c. liberties
d. property
Answer:
Cost-benefit analysis
a. is influenced by value judgments.
b. considers only short-term effects.
c. values costs over benefits.
d. is a value-free social-scientific approach.
Answer:
In deciding whether an ad is deceptive, today the FTC basically follows
a. the reasonable consumer standard.
b. the ignorant/gullible consumer standard.
c. a “modified” ignorant-consumer standard.
d. none of these choices.
Answer:
Rule utilitarianism applies the utilitarian standard, not to individual actions, but to
moral codes as a whole.
Answer:
According to a socialist, the best economic system would be one where the means of
production and distribution are in the hands of the bourgeoisie.
Answer:
Thomas L. Carlson argues that there are four rules that must be followed for a sale to be
ethical. What are they, and what objections can be raised against them?
Answer:
The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are positive rights, not negative rights.
Answer:
Utilitarians are likely to be sympathetic to the argument that steps should be taken to
reduce the great disparities of income that characterize our society.
Answer:
Due process requires specific and systematic means for workers to appeal discharge or
disciplinary decisions.
Answer:
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 allowed sexual and racial discrimination at
work until overturned by the Supreme Court.
Answer:
The Supreme Court, in its 1978 ruling in the case of Bakke v. Regents of the University
of California, upheld the University’s right to reserve entrance places in its medical
school for minorities.
Answer:
If your conduct is legal, it will also be moral.
Answer:
The terms “affirmative action” and “reverse discrimination” are synonymous.
Answer:
Job discrimination can be individual or intentional. What are two other forms that job
discrimination can take?
Answer:
Granting workers new responsibilities and respect can benefit the entire organization.
Answer:
Businesses are never legally responsible for accidents that occur exclusively as a result
of product misuse.
Answer:
Robert Nozick uses the Wilt Chamberlain story to show the importance of economic
re-distribution.
Answer:
According to Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning is based on observation.
Answer: