According to Tom Regan, our considered moral beliefs are those we hold only after we
have made a conscientious effort (a) to attain maximum conceptual clarity, (b) to
acquire all relevant information, (c) to think about the belief and its implications
rationally, (d) impartially, and with the benefit of reflection, (e) coolly.
Answer:
Melvin Anshen suggests that there is a relationship between business and society which
he termed as
a. ‘share the wealth.”
b. “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.”
c. ‘social contract.”
d. “one for all and all for one.”
Answer:
The only accurate statement about consequentalism is:
a. Utilitarianism is a nonconsequentialist ethical theory.
b. Utilitarianism is an egoistic normative theory.
c. Consequentialism says that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by
its results.
d. Nonconsequentialists deny that consequences have any moral significance.
Answer:
To resolve difficult moral dilemmas, the better we understand the exact ramifications of
the alternatives-the more likely we are
a. to make a sound moral decision.
b. to drive the boss crazy.
c. to be a success.
d. to go to jail.
Answer:
The right to privacy of employees
a. takes priority over other moral considerations.
b. is clearly and unambiguously spelled out by the law.
c. may conflict with an organization’s legitimate interests.
d. has to be given up in an era of global competition.
Answer:
Utilitarianism is appealing as a standard for moral decision making in business. Which
of the following provides a reason for this?
a. Utilitarianism provides an objective way of resolving conflicts of self-interest.
b. Utilitarianism provides a rigid approach to moral decision making.
c. Utilitarianism provides a fuzzy standard for formulating and testing policies.
d. Utilitarianism gives us firm rules to follow, rules that don’t permit exceptions.
Answer:
The idea that corporations are moral agents
a. is accepted by many people and companies without hesitation.
b. has not been accepted by the courts.
c. has not been accepted by any major corporation.
d. is supported by the fiduciary relationship between management and shareholders.
Answer:
Concerning future generations,
a. all philosophers today reject the idea that future people have rights
b. utilitarianism dictates a radical reduction in population growth
c. future people have a right to be born
d. the social and environmental policies we adopt can affect who is born in the future
Answer:
In the 1997 case of U.S. v. Hagan, the Supreme Court found that Hagan
a. had been discriminated against because of whistle blowing.
b. was innocent of insider trading.
c. violated the FCPA despite never having gone overseas.
d. had misappropriated confidential information.
Answer:
Kenneth Arrow discussed two important situations in which profit maximization can be
socially inefficient. One of these occurs when
a. there is an imbalance of knowledge between buyer and seller.
b. business would be an “inept custodian” of public values.
c. firms are unwilling or simply refuse to maximize profits.
d. corporate culture promotes dysfunctional social relations.
Answer:
When employees at all occupational levels are asked to rank what is important to them,
the order that put them in is:
a. good pay; enough authority to carry out the work; sufficient help, support, and
information; and interesting work.
b. interesting work; sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job;
enough authority to carry out the work; and good pay
c. sufficient help, support, and information to accomplish the job; interesting work;
enough authority to carry out the work,and good pay
d. enough authority to carry out the work; good pay; interesting work; and sufficient
help, support, and information to accomplish the job
Answer:
Philosophical discussion of moral issues typically involves
a. the revision and modification of arguments.
b. proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
c. circular reasoning.
d. determining what the majority thinks.
Answer:
A fact about job satisfaction is
a. longevity does not correlate with job satisfaction.
b. the U.S. leads the world in the provision of childcare.
c. a lack of job satisfaction can create mental health problems.
d. worker participation and improved QWL always boost productivity.
Answer:
What should a female employee do if she encounters sexual harassment?
a. She must decide if she likes the attention.
b. She should try to document it by keeping a record of what has occurred, who was
involved, and when it happened.
c. Keep it to herself and never tell a soul.
d. Go on a talk show and tell her story.
Answer:
Advertising
a. makes the market more efficient.
b. maximizes consumer well-being (thanks to the invisible hand).
c. can’t be restricted without violating the moral rights of advertisers.
d. subsidizes the media.
Answer:
U.S. companies have a history of paying off foreign officials for business favors. Such
acts were declared illegal by
a. the U.S. Customs department.
b. the Vice President.
c. the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977.
d. the United Nations.
Answer:
Many major employers routinely monitor the performance of their employees through
the computers and telephones they use. Employers are allowed to
a. check the number of keystrokes that word processors enter during the day.
b. eavesdrop on e-mail.
c. eavesdrop on fax transmissions.
d. eavesdrop on cell phone conversations.
Answer:
Many economists are concerned that the growing trade deficit makes the U.S.
vulnerable to
a. terrorist attacks. c. ease.
b. depression. d. economic extortion.
Answer:
The statement that best defines rights is
a. all moral rights are legal rights.
b. a negative right is a right to receive certain benefits.
c. a right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way.
d. all moral rights are human rights.
Answer:
The case of FTC v. Standard Education was important in the legal transition
a. toward the principle of caveat emptor.
b. toward something like the ignorant consumer standard.
c. toward the reasonable-person standard.
d. that removed power from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
Answer:
Polygraph tests
a. are extraordinarily accurate contrary to what the critics say.
b. can produce false positives.
c. cannot reveal with certainty whether a person is or is not telling the truth.
d. are totally reliable because lying always triggers an involuntary response that truth
telling does not.
Answer:
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
a. There is a complete list of adequacy criteria for moral judgments that philosophers all
agree on.
b. Professional codes are the rules that are supposed to govern the conduct of members
of a given profession.
c. Professional codes of ethics provide a complete and reliable guide to one’s moral
obligations.
d. People who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier
and more satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves.
Answer:
Adam Smith proposed that in our pursuit of economic interests we are led by
a. our gut instincts.
b. an invisible hand to promote general good.
c. the trends of the economy.
d. the moral compass within each of us.
Answer:
The use of one’s official position for what always raises moral concerns and questions?
a. power trips
b. egos
c. stepping stones to success
d. personal gain
Answer:
Mill justified utilitarianism from rival perspectives when he argued
a. that without utilitarianism to provide a determinate standard of justice, one is always
left with a plethora of competing principles of justice, all of which seem to have
plausibility but are mutually incompatible.
b. that social utility is irrelevant to issues of justice.
c. against worker participation.
d. that only utilitarianism itself, as a normative theory, can provide an answer to the
question: What economic system will bring more good to society than any other
system?
Answer:
A decade after wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park, their presence was
discovered to
a. not change anything.
b. have stabilized their own population.
c. have changed the behavior of elk.
d. be disruptive.
Answer:
Which of the following is true concerning our environment today?
a. the Clean Air Act of 1970 has had no beneficial effects
b. animal waste from factory farms is good for the environment
c. the “greenhouse effect” is basically media hype
d. polluted air is a health risk
Answer:
A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of
a. effects, ideals, and obligations.
b. effort, duties, and organization.
c. compassion, intellect, and patience.
d. compliance, contribution, and consequences.
Answer:
Which of the following is one of the three arguments in favor of narrow corporate
social responsibility discussed in Chapter 5?
a. business-can-handle-it
b. let-government-do-it
c. society-lacks-the-expertise
d. visible-hand
Answer:
A historical view indicates which of the following is correct?
a. Statistical evidence is irrelevant to proving discrimination.
b. Women and blacks are sometimes victimized by stereotypes.
c. The idea that women may have difficulties fitting into a “male” work environment is
outdated.
d. On average women earn between 1/3 and 1/2 of what men make for doing the very
same work.
Answer:
The consumer’s main source of product information is
a. testimonials of other customers.
b. billboards.
c. word of mouth.
d. the label and package.
Answer:
The express purpose of a boycott is the same as a strike — to hurt the employer and
strengthen the union’s bargaining position.
Answer:
Normative theories of ethics propose some principle or principles for distinguishing
right actions from wrong actions.
Answer:
According to Keith Davis, in addition to considering potential profitability, a business
must weigh the long-range social costs of its activities as well. A business should act
only if the overall benefit to society is positive.
Answer:
In theory and practice, law codifies customs, ideals, beliefs, and a society’s moral
values.
Answer:
Many philosophers believe (as Aristotle did) that we are required, as a formal principle
of justice, to treat similar cases alike except where there is some relevant difference.
Answer:
Inbreeding is the practice of showing favoritism to relatives and close friends.
Answer:
Ethical egoism says that human beings are, as a matter of fact, so constructed that they
must behave selfishly.
Answer:
Nepotism is the practice of promoting exclusively from within the firm.
Answer:
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established in 1914 to protect consumers
against deceptive advertising.
Answer:
Job discrimination involves prejudice, inaccurate stereotypes, or the assumption that a
certain group is inferior and deserves unequal treatment.
Answer:
John Rawls’s second principle of justice states that insofar as inequalities are permitted
— that is, insofar as it is compatible with justice for some jobs or positions to bring
greater rewards than others — these positions must be open to all.
Answer:
The 1995 case Adarand Constructors v. Pena shows that, after years of disagreement,
the Supreme Court is now unanimous on the issue of affirmative action.
Answer:
Government programs often subsidize American businesses and protect them from
competition.
Answer:
When faced with a moral decision, employees should follow the two-step procedure of
identifying the relevant obligations, ideals, and effects; and then decide where the
emphasis should lie among these considerations.
Answer:
Normative theories of ethics propose some principle or principles for distinguishing
right actions from wrong actions.
Answer:
The U. S. trade deficit has shrunk significantly in recent decades.
Answer:
The FTC now follows the reasonable-person standard in matters of advertising, sales
and marketing.
Answer:
A corporate moral code should set reasonable goals and subgoals, with an eye on
blunting unethical pressures on subordinates.
Answer:
According to John Stuart Mill, what makes capitalism a desirable economic system is
the type of worker-capitalist relationship inherent in capitalism.
Answer:
Legal paternalism is the doctrine that the law should not be used to restrict the freedom
of individuals for their own good.
Answer: