If the earth were an apple, the biosphere would be no thicker than the apple’s skin.
a. True
b. False
Preventing contamination is the least expensive and most effective way to protect
groundwater resources.
a. True
b. False
Human activities have affected the sulfur cycle through the burning of sulfurcontaining
coal and oil.
a. True
b. False
Where is most of the ozone layer located?
a. the troposphere
b. the stratosphere
c. the ionosphere
d. the mesosphere
e. the thermosphere
In tropical rainforests, vegetation layers are structured according to ____.
a. how deep the rainfall penetrates into the forest
b. the plants’ needs for sunlight
c. how well each plant handles predation by herbivores
d. nutrient availability and uptake by plant roots
e. sensitivity to temperature changes
____ involves turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem
without trying to restore it to its original
condition.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYReplacement
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRestoration
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYReintroduction
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRehabilitation
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYArtificial construction
About 80% of the world’s human population live in ____.
a. nations with high average income per person
b. the United States, Japan, Australia, and Germany
c. moredeveloped countries
d. lessdeveloped countries
e. environmentallysustainable societies
The U.S. dependence on foreign sources of ____ could be lessened by a new process
that extracts the valuable material from the brine waste of geothermal plants.
a. lithium
b. rare earth elements
c. gold
d. manganese
e. zinc
Which type of forest naturally develops after the trees in an area have been removed by
human activities, such as clearcutting for timber or conversion to cropland, or by
natural forces such as fires and hurricanes?
a. oldgrowth forest
b. primary forest
c. tree plantation
d. secondgrowth forest
e. recovery forest
Experts are particularly concerned about the U.S. depletion and lack of national
reserves of manganese, cobalt, chromium, and platinum because they are nonrenewable
____ resources.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsecurity metal
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYstrategic metal
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbiogenic metal
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrare metal
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtrace metal
Forest fires cause the germination of seeds of certain tree species.
a. True
b. False
It is not surprising to find huge masses of plastic waste in the oceans because ____.
a. most plastic is dumped in the ocean
b. most plastic floats on water
c. plastics take 400 to 1,000 years to break down
d. illegal dumping is rampant among developing nations
e. garbage dumps are located near waterways
One way to reduce the demand for tree cutting is to increase the use of throwaway
paper products made from trees.
a. True
b. False
The largest producer of Canada’s greenhouse gases is its energy sector, with over 70%
of the emissions coming from its ____ industry.
a. transportation
b. fracking
c. natural gas
d. oil
e. tar sands
Educational and employment opportunities available for women affect population
growth because ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYinfant mortality rates tend to increase
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcompetition in the workforce leaves men less
financially secure
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYemigration increases
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtotal fertility rates tend to be low when women
have access to education and paid employment outside the home
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtotal fertility rates tend to be higher when
women have the financial security to have more children
How would decreasing human reliability while maintaining the same level of
technological reliability affect the system reliability?
a. The answer would depend on what kind of system is being used.
b. The system reliability would stay the same.
c. The system reliability would increase.
d. The system reliability would decrease.
e. The system would become increasingly stable.
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYWhat term refers to the average ecological
footprint of an individual in a given country or area?
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYecosystem service
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYnatural capital
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYunsustainable yield
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmean of the commons
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYper capita ecological footprint
What is a mining technique in which shallow mineral deposits are removed by surface
mining and involves the removal of vegetation, soil, and rock overlying a mineral
deposit?HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmountaintop removal
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcontour strip
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsurface
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYopenpit
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYstrip
Which resource is nonrenewable?
a. groundwater
b. trees in a forest
c. solar energy
d. oil
e. fish populations
A form of kinetic energy that travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in
electrical and magnetic fields is ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYwind
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYelectromagnetic radiation
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYwaterfalls
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYelectricity
e. heat energy
Because there is often no way to measure every instance of a phenomenon around the
entire world, scientists ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcan do little more than guess at what’s
happening
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdo not even attempt to do so
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpick one instance and assume it’s perfectly
representative
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYuse statistical sampling and mathematical
models to make estimates
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYuse computer simulations instead
____ involves replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of
ecosystem.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRehabilitation
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYReplacement
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYArtificial construction
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRestoration
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYReintroduction
Surface mining can result in deforestation.
a. True
b. False
The term demographic transition refers to ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYa requirement for a population to reach a
specific size before it becomes stable
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe slowing down in the growth of a
population as it approaches the carrying capacity
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe decline in death rates followed by decline
in birth rates when a country becomes industrialized
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe decline in death rates followed by a decline
in birth rates that occurred when the germ theory of disease was discovered
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYa stabilization of crude birth rates
The decline in approximately 70% of the world’s bird species is particularly alarming to
scientists because ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthis is the first time any bird species have been
threatened with declining numbers
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe cause is a nonhuman activity that scientists
cannot determine.
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYonly land birds are affected, while water birds
seem to be maintaining normal population numbers
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbirds are excellent environmental indicators
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbird watching now generates a significant
portion of tourist dollars in some countries
People in many less developed countries make their living by removing and selling
items from openpit landfills.
a. True
b. False
Generalist species are more prone to extinction when environmental changes change
rapidly than specialist species.
a. True
b. False
Volcanoes are normally associated with transform faults.
a. True
b. False
Plants grown for biofuels could compete with crops in areas grown for food.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following are primary pollutants that eventually result in acid deposition?
a. volatile organic compounds
b. methane
c. particulates
d. carbon monoxide
e. Sulfur dioxide
Scientist can now predict with precision the environmental limits that will control
growth of the human population.
a. True
b. False
When matter undergoes physical changes, the chemical composition also changes.
a. True
b. False
Ecological and climate change ____________________ are irreversible and should
never be crossed.
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYDiscuss one of the three general conclusions of
experts regarding the future of energy.
ANSWER: The answer can be a variation on any of the following conclusions:
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
First, during this century, there will likely be a gradual shift from dependence on
nonrenewable fossil fuels to a mix of renew able energy from the sun, wind, flowing
water (hydropower), and the earth’s interior (geothermal energy).
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
The second general conclusion of experts about the future of energy use is that a
combination of improved energy efficiency and carefully regulated use of natural gas
will be the best way to make the transition to using mostly renewable energy resources
during this century (Concept 13.6).
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
The open sea can be dived into three zones: the euphotic zone, ____________________
zone, and abyssal zone.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
ANSWER: HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
Specify and define two of the six guiding principles that should be considered in
evaluating environmental policies.
____________________ are random changes in the structure or number of DNA
molecules in a cell.
____________________ contributes to the greenhouse effect by destroying plants that
store carbon dioxide.
By using a mix of ____________________ resources, we can satisfy our energy needs
while drastically reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity losses.
____________________ is the average number of years a person born in the year of the
estimate can be expected to live.
Animal manure, compost, and green manure are all types of ____________________
because they are derived from plant or animal materials.
On the ocean life zones figure, choose the zone in which most organisms get their food
from marine snow.
Nitrous acid (HNO2), formed by the digestion of nitrite (NO2) preservatives in foods,
can cause ____________________ that are linked to increases in stomach cancer in
people who consume large amounts of processed foods and wine containing such
preservatives.
Marshes, swamps, and prairie potholes are all examples of ____________________.
What are the four principles that conservation biologists, environmental ecologists, and
some freemarket economists believe should govern use of public lands?
Can the city you now live in become an ecocity? Name four things your city could do to
begin a transition to ecocity status. Hint: Think of the processes now in place in
Curitiba, Brazil.
Malaria is transmitted by 60 species of the ____________________.
In a scientific investigation, one of the groups involved in the investigation has a chosen
variable changed in a known way. This group is designated as the
____________________group.
ANSWER: HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY