HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYWhat is the world’s most abundant nonrenewable
fossil fuel?
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYoil
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYnatural gas
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbiomass
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtar sand
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcoal
Research shows that, on average, lowinput polycultures produce higher crop yields than
highinput monocultures.
a. True
b. False
Recall the BormannLikens controlled experiment in the forested valleys of New
Hampshire. Which statement best describes the effects of water flowing out of
deforested areas into undisturbed areas?HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYThe amount of water flowing out of the
deforested valley following rain increased by 3040%, and soil erosion increased.
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYThe amount of water flowing out of the
deforested valley decreased by 1020%, and soil erosion decreased.
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYThe flow of water did not change, but soil
erosion increased.
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYOther types of plants took the place of the
trees, preventing deforestation from affecting the flow of water.
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEroding soil dammed up the river, preventing
the flow of water.
Nonrenewable, nonmetallic mineral resources include
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcopper
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsolar energy
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsand
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtrees
e. clean airHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYSome research indicates that ____ causes people
to overestimate risks and to worry more about unusual risks more so than common
risks.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYa lack of control
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYfear
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe level of catastrophic risk
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYoptimism bias
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYinstant gratification
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYThe system responsible for defense against
disease and harmful substances is the ____.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcirculatory system
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYendocrine system
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYimmune system
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYexcretory system
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcardiovascular system
Which idea is an important component of environmental literacy?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYNatural capital is expendable.
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEcological footprints of the moredeveloped
world are balanced by those of the lessdeveloped world.
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEcological tipping points are irreversible and
should not be crossed.
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEcological tipping points can be balanced by
reforestation and restoration efforts.
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYGloomanddoom pessimism in the critical
evaluation of experts and leaders.
When biologists talk about the “survival of the fittest”, the fittest individuals are those
that leave the most descendants, not those that are physically the strongest.
a. True
b. False
Research by social scientists suggests that it takes only ____ of the population of a
community, a country, or the world to bring about major social and environmental
change.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY1%
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY510%
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYabout onethird
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYabout half
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY85%
What was the Superfund Act designed to do?
a. To make polluters pay for cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste
b. To ensure the safety of chemicals used in the manufacture of many products
c. To identify sites where hazardous wastes have contaminated the environment
d. To generate funds for the EPA so that it can enforce environmental laws
e. To pay for the Toxic Release Inventory
The ____ cycle is the slowest of Earth’s
processes.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYhydrologic
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrock
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYconvection
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmineral formation
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmetamorphic
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYOcean acidification is occurring because ____.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYof agricultural runoff into rivers
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe ocean absorb about 25% of the carbon
dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by human activities
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYwater changes pH as it warms
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYoverfishing is changing the structure of
ecosystems, harming the plankton that regulate the pH of ocean water
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYacid rain has worsened over the last two
decades
Removing dams and allowing rivers to flow freely can help restore biodiversity.
a. True
b. False
The U.S. oil consumption could be reduced by up to 90% and carbon dioxide emissions
reduced by 27% by replacing most of the current national vehicle fleet with ____.
a. hybrid cars
b. fuel cell cars
c. ultralight vehicles
d. mass transportation vehicles
e. plugin hybrid electric vehicles
The most preventable kind of hazard is smoking.
a. True
b. False
Kselected species tend to be opportunists.
a. True
b. False
Some people believe that living without direct contact of the natural world can lead to
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmalnutrition
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYa negative worldview
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpsychological disorders
d. poverty
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYeconomic disadvantages
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYYou are an aquatic biologist studying a small
lake. The stream that drains into this lake runs by croplands. You are detecting a
pesticide called atrazine in the insects and worms that live in the lake. The predatory
birds such as herons and egrets have very high concentrations of atrazine in their blood.
The birds prey on the frogs and small fish. What condition best explains the high
atrazine level in the birds?
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYacute effects experienced by the birds
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYconsumption in amounts larger than the lethal
dose
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYchronic residual effects in the birds
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbiological accumulation and magnification
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYan increase in ecological toxicity
The majority of soil’s organic matter is concentrated in the
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYO horizon of leaf litter
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYA horizon of topsoil
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYO and A horizons
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYC horizon
e. B horizonHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
Nonrenewable mineral resources renew over millions to billions of years.
a. True
b. False
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYTapeworms live inside and may harm their hosts
by drawing nourishment from them. This interaction is an example of ____.
a. commensalism
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYparasitism
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcarrying capacity
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmutualism
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYresilience
Age structure diagrams ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYshow only two age groups: reproductive and
not reproductive
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYshow the number of males and females in the
reproductive age categories only
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYare strictly for present use and do not provide
insight into future trends
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYare useful for studying developing countries
but not developed countries
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYare useful for predicting population momentum
Water covers approximately ____% of Earth’s surface.
a. 51
b. 61
c. 71
d. 81
e. 91
What is a major cause of environmental problems?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYour dependence on solar energy
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYupcycling
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYfullcost pricing
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdeclining population growth in highincome
countries
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYour increasing isolation from nature
The third major foodproducing system in the world is
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYfeedlots
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcash crops
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYaquaculture
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYgenetic engineering
e. organic foodsHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
Which list of items contains only ions?
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYCO2, H2O, Na+, H
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY Na+, H, Pb, Hg
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYPb, Hg, CO2,NaCl
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYCl, Na+, Ca2+, NO3
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYNaCl, NO, CO, NaOH
The Owl Butterfly is native to Costa Rica. Its hindwings have patterns in the shape and
size of the eyes of a large owl.
Urban areas are attracting more and more residents, partly because of the hope for
employment.
a. True
b. False
Sanitary landfills typically have problems with ____.
a. high operating costs
b. odor
c. open, uncovered garbage
d. traffic, noise, and dust
e. spread of disease
In speciation, two species interbreed to form one new species.
a. True
b. False
Raising fish in a series of aquariums under varied conditions is an example of field
research.
a. True
b. False
The dirt wall left after contour mining is called an overburden.
a. True
b. False
Kinetic energy is energy associated with ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYchemical reactions
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmotion
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYfood
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcoal
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYelevation differences
Car sharing has been tried in Germany, but was not found to be effective or successful.
a. True
b. False
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYA bioprospector is someone who ____.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsearches for plants that can be used as biofuels
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtests plants and animals in various ecosystems
to find chemicals that are potentially useful as medicinal drugs
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsearches for new way to economically exploit
animals
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYprospects for wild organic foods
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYis a biologists and medical doctor who works
for private industry
The growth of lowdensity development on the edges of cities and towns is called
____________________.
Shift to more sustainable and climatefriendly food production.
Clearly explain the difference between ultraviolet (UV) and infrared radiation and how
this relates to the greenhouse effect.
A process in the rock cycle that results in the breaking down of rocks into smaller
particles can be described as ____________________.
What are the physical states and chemical forms of matter?
Refer to the first graph above of a temperate desert and observe that the months of
March and April are not the warmest, coldest or wettest months in this biome. However,
the bloom of desert wildflowers will typically occur in these two months. Explain why
this is the case.
Old drycell batteries are a type of ____________________ waste.
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYExplain what the difference is between major
climate zones and major biomes, and how the two interact.
ANSWER: Climate zones are distinctive areas of the planet that have generalized
atmospheric conditions that are the same for long periods of time. They are categorized
as polar, subarctic, cool temperate, highland, warm temperate, dry, tropical, and major
upwelling (for oceans).
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
How do the ecological niches of generalist species differ from those of specialist
species?
Under the rigid outer portion of the mantle is the ____________________, a zone of
hot, partly melted flowing pliable rock.
Briefly discuss the rising demand for bushmeat.
Why is it that most top predators (e.g., lions, tigers, bears, and wolves) have extremely
large territories and are relatively rare?
Discuss how governments can use policies to improve food security.
You are the forest manager in a large tract of forest surrounding a lake resort town of
15,000 residents in the Adirondacks. Each year, over 200,000 vacationers visit and stay
in this town for short periods of time. The forest around this resort and lake has become
infested with a bark beetle that has caused the death of about 20–35% of the trees. Dead
trees can be seen on the hills above the resort.
The residents of this town are concerned about destructive crown fires that may threaten
their lives or property. They have petitioned you as the forest manager to have the dead
trees removed. They prefer to have this done by the quickest means possible.
What information can you provide to the residents about sustainable forestry? How can
tree removal be accomplished in a manner that is in line with sustainable forestry?
