Which of the following is not an example of crowding out?
a. Government purchases rise, the budget deficit rises, the federal government’s demand
for loanable funds rises, the interest rate rises, and investment falls.
b. Government spends more on X, prompting individuals to spend less on X.
c. Taxes decline, the budget deficit rises, the federal government’s demand for loanable
funds rises, the interest rate rises, the demand rises for U.S. dollars, the dollar
appreciates, and net exports decline.
d. Business firms spend more on X, prompting households to spend less on Y.
e. none of the above
Which of the following is always a characteristic of the contraction phase ofthe
business cycle?
a. lower unemployment rates
b. a decline in Real GDP
c. higher inflation rates
d. a decline in GDP
e. all of the above