There are no technological substitutes for fertile and uncontaminated topsoil.
a. True
b. False
A tree plantation, also called a tree farm or commercial forest, is a managed forest
containing only one or two species of trees that are all of the same age.
a. True
b. False
A population’s age structure is usually defined in terms of organisms in the
prereproductive stage, reproductive stage, and postreproductive stage.
a. True
b. False
A relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or in a member of another
species, which is harmed by the interaction, best illustrates
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcompetition
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpredation
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmutualism
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYparasitism
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcommensalism
One explanation for why polar regions are colder than equatorial regions is that ____.
a. the sun never reaches these areas because of the tilt of Earth on its axis
b. sunlight strikes the polar regions at an angle and spreads out over a much larger area
c. sunlight is more intense at the poles
d. the earth is spinning slower at the poles
e. the earth is spinning slower and the precipitation is more intense at the poles
____ are species whose roles have a large effect on the types and abundance of other
species in an ecosystem.
a. Generalist species
b. Nonnative species
c. Native species
d. Indicator species
e. Keystone species
Protecting wetlands will actually promote flooding.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is categorized as a secondary pollutant?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcarbon monoxide
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYozone
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcarbon dioxide
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsulfur dioxide
e. hydrocarbonsHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
What approach do most analysts call for in approaching our waste problems?
a. waste management
b. waste reduction
c. integrated waste management
d. reusing
e. recycle
Proponents of high gasoline taxes urge governments to help finance mass transit
systems. Currently, most of the revenue from gasoline taxes in the United States is used
____.
a. for social programs
b. to fund more efficient motor vehicles
c. to ease the tax burden on the poor
d. to reduce the price of motor vehicles
e. for building and improving highways for motor vehicles
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYoxygen
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYwater vapor
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsulfur dioxide
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYnitrogen
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYargon
Urban sprawl ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYimproves downtown business districts
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYimproves urban air quality
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYreduces population growth
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYeliminates agricultural and wild lands around
many cities
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdecreases energy use
Many inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops or have been covered
with concrete, asphalt, and buildings.
a. True
b. False
After the number of wolves declined in Yellowstone National Park,
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe ecosystem recovered and became more
stable
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYherds of elk, moose, and mule deer devastated
willow and aspen trees near streams and rivers
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe elk population crashed
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYforest fires decreased in frequency because the
larger mule deer population controlled undergrowth
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcoyotes took over their role in the ecosystem,
leading to few changes
One approach to working toward more environmentally beneficial economies is to sell
certain products that replace the need for services.
a. True
b. False
A country’s ecological footprint is larger than its biological capacity to replenish its
renewable resources and absorb the resulting waste and pollution. What can be said
about this country?
a. It has an ecological deficit.
b. It must not have any natural capital.
c. It is a sustainable society.
d. It is most likely a developing country.
e. It can be described as preservationist.
About 40% of the earth’s land area (not including Antarctica) is protected as nature
reserves, parks, or wilderness areas.
a. True
b. False
Conebearing trees are characteristic of the ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtaiga or boreal forest
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtropical rain forest
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYtemperate deciduous forest
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsavanna
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdesert
Hormonally active agents (HAAs) are a category of chemical hazards that can do what?
a. They can cause poor balance and coordination, muscle weakness, tremors, memory
problems, insomnia, hearing loss, loss of hair, and loss of peripheral vision.
b. They can cause birth defects, liver cancer, kidney and liver damage, premature breast
development, immune system suppression, and abnormal sexual development in these
animals.
c. They have been suggested to cause brain damage, early puberty, decreased sperm
quality, certain cancers, heart disease, obesity, liver damage, impaired immune function,
type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, impaired learning, impotence in males, and obesity in
unborn test animals.
d. They cause genetic resistance to drugs like antibiotics.
e. They are pollutants that can act as thyroid disrupters and cause growth, weight, brain,
and behavioral disorders.
What could governments do regarding deforestation to be consistent with the fullcost
pricing principle of sustainability?HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYIncrease taxes on fuel to drive up the price of
timber.
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYReplace subsidies/tax breaks that encourage
deforestation with forestsustaining economic rewards.
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYOutlaw logging.
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYBuild logging roads so companies can access
forest land more easily.
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYBan the use of cardboard and other paper
products.
Which of the following is an example of a species with a late loss survivorship curve?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsquirrel
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYelephant
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYannual plant
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsongbird
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpraying mantis
Vertical ocean circulation is generated by ____.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcold and dense ocean water sinking and warm
and lessdense water rising
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYwarm and dense ocean water sinking and cold
and lessdense water rising
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcold and dense ocean water rising and warm
and lessdense water sinking
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe Coriolis effect
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYprevailing winds
Studying the interactions among three of the 500 most widely used industrial chemicals
is a physical and financial impossibility.
a. True
b. False
What is an example of nonpoint source pollution?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdrain pipes
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYoil wells
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYgolf courses
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYunderground mines
e. sewage treatment plantsHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
An oligotrophic lake tends to have relatively low levels of nutrients.
a. True
b. False
Most cities do not benefit from the free ecosystem services provided by ____, including
air purification, generation of oxygen, removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide, control
of soil erosion, and the provision of habitat for
wildlife.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmeat production
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe ocean
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrainforests in the tropics
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbacteria
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYvegetation
The second law of thermodynamics says that whenever energy is converted from one
form to another in a physical or chemical change, ____.
a. more energy will be present in the second form
b. heat is absorbed
c. light is produced
d. we end up with lowerquality or less useable energy than we started with
e. the second form of energy will always be kinetic
Where will your old cell phone likely end up if you were to throw it away today?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYlandfill
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYChina
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYIndia
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrecycling center
e. waterwaysHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
____ is a measure of the amount of energy available to do useful
work.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEnergy quality
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEnergy effectiveness
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEnergy conservation
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEnergy efficiency
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEnergy radiation
The compound represented by the formula CH4 is
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcalcium carbonate
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcarbon dioxide
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmethane, a hydrocarbon
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsodium chloride
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYglucose, a simple carbohydrate
An alternative approach to combating _____________ is to provide free or inexpensive
insecticidetreated bed nets to poor people in the regions most affected.
The process called ____________________ involves removing dissolved salts from
ocean water to increase supplies of freshwater.
____________________ are manmade compounds that have been widely used as
refrigerants and in spray propellants and foam blowing.
Clearly describe a positive feedback loop associated with global warming.
Discuss the relative costs of organically grown food and conventionally produced food.
In your answer, explain the reason for these costs. Also give a possible example.
Explain why empowerment of women tends to slow population growth.
Tires being shredded and converted into surfacing for public roads is an example of
____________________ recycling.
Although ____________________ cover only about 2% of the earth’s land surface,
studies indicate that they contain up to half of the world’s known terrestrial plant and
animal species.
The process by which an entire species ceases to exist is called
____________________.
Explain the term demographic momentum and provide a reallife example.
Compare the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.
A subatomic particle with no net electrical charge
It is estimated that approximately one of every 12 women of childbearing age in the
United States has enough ____________________ in her blood to harm a developing
fetus.
As countries become more industrialized and economically developed, their
populations tend to grow more ____________________ (slowly/quickly).
Describe what it would mean for a population of a species to have an early loss
survivorship curve.
A guiding principle for environmental sustainability that advises us not to make
decisions that are irreversible if the decision proves to be wrong is the
_________________________ principle.