Most living systems can be described as having inputs, ____, and
outputs.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthermodynamics
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpositive transfers
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthroughputs
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYkinetics
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcreations
What kind of economist favors adjusting existing economic policies and tools to be
more environmentally beneficial over inventing allnew policies and tools?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. ecological economistHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYenvironmental economist
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYneoclassical economist
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYneoconservative economist
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYclassical economist
What part of the mantle is the volume of hot, partly melted rock that flows?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmagma
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYouter mantle
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYinner mantle
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYasthenosphere
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYlithosphere
Most photosynthesis in the open sea occurs in the
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYeuphotic zone
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYabyssal zone
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbathyal zone
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcoastal zone
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbenthic zone
Some believe that fighting forces and weaponry will become less useful toward national
security because of environmental degradation.
a. True
b. False
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY____ can be limited in many cases, because too
few people have been exposed to high enough levels of a toxic agent to detect
statistically significant differences.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRisk assessment
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYRisk management
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYEpidemiological studies
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYPersistence samples
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYToxicological studies
What nutrition problem affects 69% of adults and 33% of children in the United States?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmalnutrition
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYunder nutrition
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmicronutrition
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYchronic hunger
e. overnutritionHTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
The use of ____ is likely to play a large role in the predicted materials
revolution.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrenewable minerals
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdepletion allowances
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsubsidies
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsustainable mining
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYnanotechnology
Water has the ability to filter out wavelengths of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation that
would harm some aquatic organisms.
a. True
b. False
What is a disadvantage of wind power?
a. Wind farms have a low net energy yield.
b. Wind farms need backup storage systems when the wind dies down.
c. Wind is not widely available.
d. Wind farms are expensive in terms of generating electricity.
e. Wind farms are difficult to build and expand.
What percentage of the water that people use throughout the world is lost through
evaporation, leaks, and inefficient use?
twothirds
a. onetenth
b. onefourth
c. onethird
d. onehalf
e. twothirds
One reason birth and fertility rates in moredeveloped countries tend to be lower is that
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYinfant mortality is higher
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthe cost of raising and educating children is
much higher
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpollution has drastically decreased fertility in
these countries
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYall of these countries have restrictions on the
number of children a couple can have
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmarriage is much less common
Populations that overshoot their carrying capacity will suffer
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYenvironmental resistance
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYa population crash
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYrselection
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYinertia
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsuccession
The greatest threat to most species is ____.
a. loss of habitat
b. water pollution
c. parasites
d. sport hunting
e. global drought conditions
Tree plantations can help protect the world’s remaining oldgrowth and secondgrowth
forests, as long as the forests are not cleared to make room for tree plantations.
a. True
b. False
One way to protect houses and other building in fireprone areas is to thin trees and
other vegetation in a zone around them.
a. True
b. False
Birth and death rates generally decline as countries develop economically.
a. True
b. False
If current trends continue, China’s population of 1.36 billion is projected to
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdouble by the end of the century
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdecline to as low as 750 million by the end of
this century
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYstay at its current level indefinitely
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcontinue increasing rapidly until 2050, but
stabilize by the end of this century
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYstay near its current level until 2050, but
increase again after that
Critical thinking includes ____.
a. knowing that everything you read or hear is wrong
b. only looking for information that supports your opinions
c. learning how to argue persuasively that you are right
d. knowing what the right answer should be, and finding an explanation for any results
that disagree
e. identifying and evaluating your personal assumptions, biases, and beliefs, being
careful to distinguish between facts and opinions
You are installing solar collectors on the roof of your home to cut your use of the
propane gas that heats both your hot water tank and the living spaces in your home. In
doing so, you are using a(n) ____ resource rather than a(n) ____ resource.
a. renewable; nonrenewable
b. inexhaustible; renewable
c. renewable; inexhaustible
d. nonrenewable; renewable
e. inexhaustible; nonrenewable
An element ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcan combine with protons to make an atom
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYis made up of compounds
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcan combine with one or more other elements
to make a compound
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYis defined by the number of electrons it has
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcan only be organic
What is the process that changes rocks from one variety to another when subjected to
high temperatures (which may cause it to melt partially), high pressures, chemically
active fluids, or a combination of these agents?HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmagmatism
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmetamorphism
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYconvection
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYvolcanism
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsubduction
Deserts, tropical forests, prairie grasslands, and coniferous forests have distinct climates
and certain species, and are all examples of ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYdifferent species
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYecosystems with the highest biodiversity
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYecosystems with low genetic biodiversity
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYbiomes
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpopulations
The ultimate success of an emission trading approach depends on ____.
a. how well the stock market is doing
b. the supply and demand of clean energy
c. how the initial cap is set and how often it is lowered
d. what kinds of government regulations are in place
e. the availability of subsidies and tax breaks
China’s ____, has grown to roughly 300 million, which is a number almost equal to the
U.S. population.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYconsumer middle class
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYmilitary
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpoor
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYworking class
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYupper wealthy class
____________________ occurs when too many animals graze for too long, damaging
the grasses and their roots, and exceeding the carrying capacity of a rangeland area.
What has played an important role in the 30year increase in life expectancy since 1950?
a. reduced poverty and malnutrition
b. improved drinking water quality
c. risk management
d. risk assessment
e. antibiotics
One reason protecting marine biodiversity is difficult is that ____.
a. much of the damage to the oceans and other bodies of water is not visible to most
people
b. most species in marine ecosystems are keystone species
c. marine ecosystems are much more affected by urban sprawl
d. marine ecosystems cannot be restored
e. most of the world’s ocean area lies within the legal jurisdiction of one country or
another
Matter is best described as ____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYthermodynamic
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsomething that has the capacity to do work
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpositively charged
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsomething that can produce change
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYanything that has mass and takes up space
Zoos and aquariums can be used to protect wild species and serve as gene banks.
a. True
b. False
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYPhotochemical smog is composed of secondary
pollutants such as oxidants, aldehydes, and ____.
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYozone
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcarbon dioxide
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYsulfur dioxide
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYNOx
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYVOCs
Thousands of genes make up a single chromosome.
a. True
b. False
Ecologists study interactions from the level of ____ to the level of
____.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
a. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYecosystems; the biosphere
b. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYcells; ecosystems
c. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYorganisms; the biosphere
d. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYpopulations; communities
e. HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYatoms; populations
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYExplain why infants and children are more
susceptible to the effects of toxic substances than adults.
ANSWER: HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
First, they generally breathe more air, drink more water, and eat more food per unit of
body weight than adults do.
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
Second, they are exposed to toxins in dust or soil when they put their fingers, toys, or
other objects in their mouths.
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
Southern sea otters are considered a(n) ____________________ species because they
help control sea urchin populations to sustain kelp forests.
Explain why plastic in the ocean may be a problem.
____________________ are mineralized or petrified replicas of skeletons, bones, teeth,
shells, leaves, and seeds, or imprints of such items found in rocks.
When South Africa raised water prices, lowincome consumers were helped be
establishing ____________________, which give each household a set amount of free
or lowpriced water to meet basic needs.
Surface ____________________ are lined ponds, pits, or lagoons in which liquid
hazardous wastes are stored.
What does it mean to say that scientific knowledge advances in a “selfcorrecting way”?
HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITYA tiny fish called a wrasse lives in and around the
mouth of sharks. It cleans up the debris left after the shark eats flesh, and it gains
protection by living in the shark’s mouth.HTMLENTITY#8203HTMLENTITY
The reduction of mining ____________________ is a way that governments can
promote sustainable use of nonrenewable minerals.
The desalination process called ____________________ (or microfiltration) uses high
pressure to force saltwater through a filter that removes the salt and other impurities.
What does it means to live off the earth’s natural income?
____________________ is the process where bodies of water are enriched with natural
nutrients.
Genes mutate, ____________________ are selected, and
populations____________________.
The practice of ____________________is where fish are raised in freshwater ponds,
lakes, reservoirs, and rice paddies, and in underwater cages in coastal and deeper ocean
waters
List the five criteria that some energy analysts say should be required by any new
generation of nuclear power plants.
To maintain good health and resist disease ____________________, like carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats, are needed in fairly large amounts.
Give one reason why taxing gasoline heavily would be difficult in the United States.
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
What are the four R’s of waste reduction?