One consequence of the trend from traditional work groups to teams is that leaders must
adapt their style. Instead of telling people what to do, the leader must ask people what
they think and share responsibility for organizing and doing the work.
Cyberloafing is a form of deviant behavior that has a negative impact on the
organizationʹs productivity.
Individualists are people whose primary motive is doing better than others and besting
them in open competition.
A student who is studying organizational behavior merely to earn a high grade, rather
than to understand concepts that may be useful in a future career, is said to have high
intrinsic task motivation.
Verbal communication can be both oral, using spoken language, or written.
In applying expectancy theory, mangers need to be concerned about the employeesʹ
perceptions. If they believe that they are unable to achieve a goal or that their
achievement will not be rewarded, the employees will be unmotivated.
The Jewish employees who volunteered to work double shifts on Christmas Day so that
their Christian colleagues could spend the holiday with their families were engaging in
organizational citizenship behavior.
If Textile Manufacturing, Inc. reduces the hourly wages of its employees so that it can
compete with imported clothing, it can anticipate a significant increase in employee
theft on the job.
Individuals with high levels of self esteem view challenging jobs as valued
opportunities and enjoy rising to the occasion.
According to equity theory, Taylor will be satisfied to the extent that his income is equal
to that of his co-workers.
Completing a project on time to avoid a late penalty is an example of negative
reinforcement.
One of the most commonly witnessed unplanned organizational changes results from
government regulations. Often, new regulations require the organization to invest scarce
resources in complying with government mandates.
Some people seem to like their jobs, no matter what they are doing or what others think
about their jobs. This is the underlying principle of the dispositional model of job
satisfaction.
Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution technique whereby a neutral third party
works together with both sides to reach a settlement.
Research has shown that more diverse organizations have better financial performance.
A classmate told Cheryl that Professor Brown routinely gives all students a B on their
term papers. If Cheryl believes this, she would not be motivated to write an outstanding
paper.
The micro approach to OB focuses primarily on the behavior of individuals.
Obstructionism is a form of positive deviant behavior.
Formal communication is limited to the official information that flows through
prescribed channels within the organization.
Burnout is a serious condition resulting from prolonged exposure to intense stress.
The communication process begins when one party has a message it wishes to send to
another.
The LPC contingency theory, recognizing that there is no one best style of leadership,
identifies the specific leadership behaviors needed for a situation, and trains a potential
leader in the exercise of that style.
Mel is exhausted and angry after dealing with customer complaints. However, she must
try very hard to
appear to be happy and helpful. This is an example of emotional labor.
Workers are more likely to follow their employerʹs rules when they have reason to
believe that the organizationʹs procedures are inherently fair.
Employee handbooks are an important medium for communicating official, basic
information about the organization.
A boundaryless organization can best be described as anarchy – no one is in charge,
there is no organization, and performance expectations are minimal.
Most studies show that the effects of various OD interventions are beneficial.
To be effective and to guarantee high quality, virtual organizations must maintain close
control over the companies with which they do outsourcing.
The social information processing model states that people adopt attitudes and
behaviors in response to the cues provided by others with whom they come into contact.
Because they are based on perceptions, psychological contracts often lead to
disagreements when both parties have different expectations for the relationship.
Divergent thinking involves taking new approaches to old problems.
Frederick Winslow recommended that increasing employee wages would
A) improve the relationship between managers and employees.
B) make production costs too expensive and products less competitive.
C) raise employee motivation and make them more productive.
D) encourage employees to work fewer hours for the same weekly wage.
A ________ contract would be defined as long-term in scope, ever-changing, and not
clearly defined.
A) relational
B) legal
C) psychological
D) transactional
How are norms different from organizational rules?
A) Unlike norms, rules are formal and written.
B) Norms apply to all members and rules do not.
C) Rules apply to important behaviors and norms are limited to minor actions.
D) Members are sanctioned for breaking rules but not for violating norms.
Organizational development is defined as a set of social science techniques designed to
plan and implement
change in work settings for purposes of improving the effectiveness of organizational
functioning and
A) generating additional resources for future advancement.
B) ensuring the future growth and survival of the organization.
C) improving the efficiency of organizational processes.
D) enhancing the personal development of individuals.
Organizations that have developed the capacity to adapt and change continuously
are known as ________ organizations.
A) intervention
B) developmental
C) adaptive
D) learning
Pathways along which unofficial information travels are commonly called
A) multi-level communication.
B) the grapevine.
C) the rumor mill.
D) horizontal communication.
Withdrawing from markets where the company is less effective and concentrating
resources in markets where
the company is likely to be more effective describes
A) turnaround strategies.
B) market concentration strategies.
C) exit strategies.
D) market-share increasing strategies.
Recognizing that there is no one-best-style of leadership is the philosophy behind the
A) contingency theory.
B) transformational leadership theory.
C) Managerial Grid.
D) leadership effectiveness approach.
What are performance gaps?
A) The difference between the performance of the organization and that of its closest
competitors
B) Variations in individual performance among members of the same work team
C) The decline in organizational performance from one time period to the next
D) Discrepancies between real and expected levels of organizational performance
Organizations are developing ________ programs to celebrate diversity by creating
supportive, not just neutral,
work environments for women and minorities.
A) workplace tolerance
B) affirmative action
C) equal opportunity
D) diversity management
The HR directorʹs approach to filling vacant positions is to continue to interview
candidates until he finds one who meets the job requirements, although there may be
others with better qualifications. The decision-making approach is called
A) economical.
B) framing.
C) satisficing.
D) realistic.
Psychological contracts are ________ in nature.
A) transactional
B) perceptual
C) explicit
D) legal
People who are generally energetic, exhilarated, and have a real zest for life may be
said to be
A) emotionally stable.
B) high in locus of control.
C) extroverted.
D) high in positive affectivity.
The job characteristics model identifies people not particularly interested in improving
themselves on the job as
A) unable to be enriched.
B) lacking job potential.
C) having low growth need strength.
D) being unmotivated.
The fact that people will better accept outcomes when they have had some input into
determining them is
known as
A) the fair process effect.
B) informational justice.
C) the participative process.
D) organizational equity.
The ________ theory focuses on how leaders form different kinds of relationships with
various groups of
subordinates.
A) LMX
B) managerial grid
C) servant leadership
D) LPC
The study of peopleʹs perception of and reactions to fairness and unfairness in
organizations is known as
A) organizational ethics.
B) ethical standards.
C) corporate responsibility
D) organizational justice.
________ fluctuate rapidly, sometimes widely, during the course of a day.
A) Moods
B) Dissonance
C) Emotions
D) Attitudes
Classical organizational theory focused on
A) establishing the means of controlling worker activities.
B) the efficient structuring of organizations.
C) the effective allocation of monetary incentives.
D) effectively organizing the work of individuals.
Although Julie was a math major in college, her first job after graduation was teaching
at an elementary school. During the first month, the school principal sat in her classes to
monitor her performance. According to social facilitation research, how would the
presence of the principal affect her teaching?
A) She would teach as though the principal was not there.
B) Her teaching performance would improve significantly.
C) Her teaching performance would suffer.
D) The students would endeavor to make her job easier.
The phenomenon called groupthink is more likely to occur when
A) groups attempt to achieve the benefits of individual creativity.
B) members of cohesive groups suspend their individual judgments to maintain group
unity.
C) a problem is presented to group members with instructions to submit ideas
anonymously.
D) all group deliberations are held in public to avoid the appearance of secret deals.
Research has shown that transformational leaders raise their groupʹs cohesiveness,
which in turn influences
A) follower satisfaction.
B) group performance.
C) the leaderʹs position power.
D) the leaderʹs profile.
Denny has a low LPC score and was extremely ineffective in a group where situational
control was moderate.
What should be done to improve group effectiveness?
A) Improve Dennyʹs relationships with his followers.
B) Send Denny to a management training seminar.
C) Increase Dennyʹs LPC score.
D) Replace Denny with a high LPC leader.
Whereas prejudice is a(n) ________, discrimination is a form of ________ consistent
with that prejudice.
A) belief; stereotype
B) behavior; belief
C) attitude; behavior
D) thought process; action
Every discipline, culture, or organization has its own special language – words and
abbreviations. While it facilitates communication within the group, it interferes with
communication with outsiders. This specialized language is called
A) a dialect.
B) jargon.
C) code words.
D) gibberish.
In an attempt to reverse a sales slump, the Presto Cycles Company doubled its
advertising expenditures. When this failed to reverse the downward spiral, they invested
even more money in advertisements. This trend continued until the firm was forced into
liquidation. Presto Cyclesʹ actions are an example of
A) saturation bombing.
B) poor judgment.
C) rules-of-thumb.
D) escalation of commitment.
The administrative model of decision making recognizes
A) that time limits the search for options.
B) the necessity of making the optimal decision.
C) that decision makers do not have perfect information.
D) that humans are naturally risk adverse.
If a manager wishes to boost an employeeʹs self-efficacy, he/she should
A) keep employees isolated.
B) give constructive feedback.
C) leave him or her alone once a subordinate has reached a satisfactory performance
level.
D) make sure to put his/her employees ʺin their place.ʺ
Managers prefer using oral communication when
A) giving negative information.
B) providing sensitive information.
C) seeking advice.
D) communicating ambiguous messages.
People have two bosses, or duality of authority, in ________ organizations.
A) functional
B) product
C) emergent
D) matrix
The process of using multiple sources to evaluate the work of an individual is called
A) situational leadership assessment.
B) networking assessment.
C) 360-degree feedback.
D) coaching.
________ is defined as a pattern of behavior in which each person, group, or
organization seeks to maximize its
own gains, often at the expense of others.
A) Conflict
B) Competition
C) Individualism
D) Free enterprise
General Electric is described as having a ________ culture that emphasizes
competitiveness and productivity
while taking a very hard-driving, results-oriented approach to getting things done.
A) bottom-line
B) market
C) discretionary
D) hierarchy
Scientists define creativity as the process by which individuals or teams produce novel
and useful ideas. Can an organization train people to be creative? How? What can
management do to promote a culture of creativity?
Leadership can be defined as an interpersonal relationship where power and influence
are unevenly distributed. What is the role of power in determining a leaderʹs
effectiveness?
Do you agree with the axiom that managers get the trains running on time, but leaders
tell the trains where to go?
Discuss group norms. What is their impact on members and how is compliance
maintained?
Describe the rational-economic model of decision making. Why is this approach
unrealistic?
Several new forms of organizational design have emerged in recent years. Describe
some of these and the organizations for which they will be most suitable.
Social scientists argue that OB is more than ʺjust common sense.ʺ What does this
mean? Identify and describe four methods used to conduct research in the behavioral
sciences.
How can an organization use the principles of operant conditioning to reduce incidents
of absenteeism and encourage punctuality?
Distinguish between self-efficacy and self-esteem. What steps can organizations take to
boost the self-esteem of their employees?
What is a virtual team? How does it differ from physical teams?
Describe the importance of non-verbal communication in a job interview.
For over fifty years, Galaxy Market has been the major retail store in town carrying a
large variety of grocery and household items, plus fresh meat, fruit, and vegetables. A
national discount chain is planning to build a superstore just outside town. Galaxy
Market is seeking your advice. What steps would you recommend?
You have been invited to a firm for a final interview. You expect to be offered a position
and plan to accept it. As a student you learned about psychological contracts. How can
you ensure that your psychological contract is rooted in reality?
How do the employeesʹ emotions and moods influence behavior in organizations?
What are self-fulfilling prophesies? How can they have a positive impact on individual
performance? Give examples from your own experience.
An economics professor asked your advice, as an organizational behavior student, about
how to motivate her first-year students. With reference to equity theory, goal setting
theory, and expectancy theory, what would you advise?
What is job satisfaction? What impact does job satisfaction have on an organizationʹs
performance?
What is organizational citizenship behavior? How can this behavior be promoted in the
organization?
As President of the university, you have received information that your Dean of
Students has been arrested and charged with a serious crime (sexual assault of children).
How should the President communicate about this to the universityʹs constituencies?
Distinguish among the following: justice, moral values, ethics, and social responsibility
as they apply to managerial decision making.