The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____.
A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no
extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles
is excreted from the body
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of
menstrual cycles
C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on
menstrual cycles
D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles
copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation
Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As
moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we
are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population,
dN/dt = rN ,
which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population?
A) r
B) N
C) rN
D) K
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the
phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above?
A) coelom
B) bilateral symmetry
C) segmentation
D) protostome development
Synthesis of which of the following compounds in a mature leaf would be least
impacted by a temporary soil nitrogen deficiency?
A) DNA
B) RNA
C) amino acids
D) cellulose
In an experiment, DNA from the linear form of the bacteriophage Lambda was cut into
fragments using the restriction enzyme Hind III. Restriction enzymes are isolated from
bacteria and cut DNA in specific locations. Hind III cuts the Lambda DNA between the
adenine nucleotides on the complimentary strands in a specific sequence, as indicated in
the diagram, producing eight different size fragments. These fragments are then
separated with an electrical current based on size after the DNA fragments are placed in
a porous gel, a process called gel electrophoresis.
cut site
↓
5″ A A G C T T 3″
3″ T T C G A A 5″
↑
cut site
Select an observation that best describes a correct aspect of the two processes of
restriction
digest and gel electrophoresis:
A) When separated on a gel, the pattern of DNA bands will be characteristic of those
cut with Hind III, different restriction enzymes will not produce these same fragments.
B) The sequence AAGCTT is found eight times in the Lambda genome and the
restriction enzyme Hind III finds each location.
C) If an electrical current is not used, eight separate DNA bands would be visible, but
they would not be separated as much as when an electrical current is used.
D) Only the restriction enzyme Hind III can be used to cut Lambda DNA since
restriction enzymes are specific to the type of DNA they can cut.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and
Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?
A) When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light.
B) A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
C) Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced.
D) Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone that responds to light.
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed
cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of
cells are they?
A) parenchyma
B) endodermis
C) collenchyma
D) sclerenchyma
A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____.
A) play a role in storage
B) synthesize large quantities of lipids
C) actively export protein molecules
D) import and export protein molecules
Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds
are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the
following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an
unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
A) shivering
B) torpor
C) hibernation
D) burrowing into soil
The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s).
A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid
at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in
midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on
oak flowers and look like oak flowers. But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on
oak leaves and look like oak twigs.
How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on
the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from
the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female
into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female
were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below.
In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other
oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environmentsx2 diets).
Refer to the accompanying figure. In every case, caterpillars that feed on oak flowers
look like oak flowers. In every case, caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked
like twigs. These results support which of the following hypotheses?
A) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.
B) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different
types of caterpillars.
C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.
D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars
or all twig-like caterpillars.
In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) none of the structures
Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is,
extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to
the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located
posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal
surface and contain nematocysts at their tips.
Nudibranchs usually have two rhinophores. However, if they had a single rhinophore, it
could still carry out the function of two rhinophores, and with similar effectiveness, if
this single rhinophore _____.
A) had two branches, one directed to the left, the other to the right
B) was located within the mantle cavity
C) was as long as two rhinophores placed end to end
D) had cilia whose power strokes directed water away from the surface of the slug
Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated an important role of the FOXP2
transcription factor in the development of vocalizations. Recent sequence comparisons
of the FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals and modern humans show that while the DNA
sequence may be different, the protein sequence it codes for is identical. What might
logically be inferred from this information?
A) There was a problem with the experiment because different DNA sequences cannot
result in the same protein sequence.
B) The differences in DNA sequence support the hypothesis that Neanderthals were
primitive beings that could only grunt.
C) Human and Neanderthal vocalizations may have been more similar than previously
thought.
D) The experiments in mice demonstrating the function of the FOXP2 gene are not
relevant to humans and Neanderthals because they are not primates.
You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only
pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals with
the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same
species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this information affect your
conclusions about this behavior?
A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned.
B) It prevents you from making conclusions.
C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed.
D) It does not change your initial conclusions.
Every ecosystem must have _____.
A) autotrophs and heterotrophs
B) producers and primary consumers
C) photosynthesizers
D) autotrophs
In the thylakoid membranes, the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex
_____.
A) split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center chlorophyll
B) absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
C) synthesize ATP from ADP and i
D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH
An early step in shotgun sequencing is to _____.
A) break genomic DNA at random sites
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random positions of
chromosomes in preparation for sequencing
Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an
entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?
A) wet rain forest
B) desert
C) prairie
D) chaparral
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____.
A) starch and cellulose
B) triglycerides and steroids
C) proteins and nucleic acids
D) phospholipids and glycolipids
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a
saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher
proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided
to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous
sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial
hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod
varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebratesa parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged
for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
The teacher was unaware of the difference between suspension feeding and predation.
The teacher thought that providing live copepods (2 mm long) and feeder fish (2 cm
long) would satisfy the dietary needs of all of the organisms. Consequently, which two
organisms would have been among the first to starve to death (assuming they lack
photosynthetic endosymbionts)?
A) sponges and corals
B) sea stars and sponges
C) shrimp and bivalves
D) bivalves and sponges
In the figure above, which community has the highest species diversity?
A) Community 1
B) Community 2
C) Community 1 and community 3 have the highest species diversity.
D) Community 4
In E. coli, to repair a thymine dimer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the
necessary enzymes act?
A) nuclease, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase
B) helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase
C) DNA ligase, nuclease, helicase
D) nuclease, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase
All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in
common. When mutated, the gene Pax–6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in
mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in
humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly
Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even
though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than five
hundred million years ago.
Pax-6 usually causes the production of a type of light-receptor pigment. In vertebrate
eyes, though, a different gene (the rh gene family) is responsible for the light-receptor
pigments of the retina. The rh gene, like Pax-6, is ancient. In the marine ragworm, for
example, the rh gene causes production of c-opsin, which helps regulate the worm’s
biological clock. Which of the following most likely accounts for vertebrate vision?
A) The Pax-6 gene mutated to become the rh gene among early mammals.
B) During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin was co-opted as a
gene for visual receptor pigments.
C) In animals more ancient than ragworms, the rh gene(s) coded for visual receptor
pigments; in lineages more recent than ragworms, rh has flip-flopped several times
between producing biological clock opsins and visual receptor pigments.
D) Pax-6 was lost from the mammalian genome, and replaced by the rh gene much
later.
Studying species transplants is a way that ecologists _____.
A) determine the distribution of a species in a specified area
B) develop mathematical models for distribution and abundance of organisms
C) determine if dispersal is a key factor in limiting distribution of organisms
D) consolidate a landscape region into a single ecosystem
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____.
A) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid
B) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
C) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid
D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe?
A) Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain
can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
B) Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain
makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic.
C) Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to
pathogenic strains.
D) Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other
mice.
One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming
dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does
this?
A) G protein-coupled receptors
B) ligand-gated ion channels
C) steroid receptors
D) receptor tyrosine kinases
The following questions refer to the figure below, which depicts the age structure of
three populations.
Which population(s) appear(s) to be stable?
A) I
B) III
C) I and II
D) II and III
Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for
_____.
A) macromolecules such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins
B) ribosomes
C) chloroplasts
D) mitochondria
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the
following most likely accounts for its continued survival?
A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol.
B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids.
C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
D) It has an endospore.
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus.
Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues.
How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?
A) 8
B) 16
C) 24
D) 32
Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?
A) heterotrophs
B) herbivores
C) carnivores
D) primary consumers
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____.
A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels
decline
C) breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase
D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of
an axon terminal?
A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.
B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.
C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential.
D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.