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A common aspect of having a cold is nose congestion ('stuffy nose"). Air is not able to
flow past your olfactory receptors, so you cannot detect smells. When eating, it is
olfactory receptors, and not taste receptors, that detect the smells of your food and
relate those to your brain as flavors.
Suppose you have a bag of assorted flavors of candy. You close your eyes, hold your
nose, and pull out a piece of candy and eat it. Then you try to describe the candy's
flavor. How accurate do you think your prediction will be?
A) very accurate, because your taste receptors can detect multiple tastes at one time
B) not very accurate, because you cannot fully experience the flavor of the candy
C) not very accurate, because the production of glutamate will be decreased
D) very accurate, because holding your nose heightens sensitivity of your taste
receptors
Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical
structures called
A) chromatin.
B) sister chromosomes.
C) nucleoli.
D) sister chromatids.
A group of ants escaped from a picnic basket carried to the top of a mountain and
thrived in this area where there were no other ants. Many years later descendants of
these ants crawled into a picnic basket on the mountain and traveled back to the valley
from which their ancestors had come. Which of these observations would cause you to
conclude that the ants on top of the mountain had become a different species from those
in the valley?
A) The mountain ants and valley ants were different colors.
B) The mountain ants and valley ants were different sizes.
C) The mountain ants ate different food than the valley ants.
D) The mountain ants could not mate with the valley ants.
In all plants, the zygote and earliest stages of the developing embryo are
A) enclosed within a seed.
B) enclosed within a pollen grain.
C) attached to and nourished by the parent plant.
D) able to disperse in a tough-walled spore.
A biology teacher takes fish, algae, pond weed, invertebrates, and bottom muck from a
local pond and establishes them in an aquarium. When the system is stable, the teacher
seals it into a large, airtight glass box and leaves the box in a sunny location. After three
months, the organisms in the aquarium appear alive and healthy. Which of the following
statements about the experiment is true?
A) No energy has entered or left the glass box during the three months.
B) Some of the energy in the system has moved from one organism to another during
the three months.
C) The air in the glass box contains no carbon dioxide.
D) During the three months, the biomass of animal life was greater than the biomass of
plant life.
Legumes, such as beans or peas,
A) form mutualistic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
B) form mycorrhizal associations to increase nitrogen fixation in the soil.
C) form parasitic relationships with other photosynthetic plants.
D) fix N2 from the atmosphere in their leaves.
Home pregnancy test kits can detect whether a woman is pregnant within one to three
weeks of her egg being fertilized. The test kits include a short strip of paper that extends
from a plastic case. After a woman urinates on the strip of paper and waits three to five
minutes, a symbol is displayed on a small window in the plastic case. Some tests show
a single line to indicate the woman is not pregnant (negative result) and two lines to
indicate she is pregnant (positive result). Others show a minus or plus sign (or some
other variation) to indicate negative and positive results.
The test reports a positive symbol if it detects the presence of HCG in the woman's
urine. In order for HCG to be detected, it must be present in the urine at a concentration
of at least 10 to 100 units per milliliter. Even though home pregnancy tests are well
designed and have been tested extensively, false negative and false positive results do
occur. A false positive occurs when a test tells a woman that she is pregnant when she
really is not, and a false negative occurs when a test tells a woman that she is not
pregnant when she really is. Most home pregnancy test kit manufacturers claim that
their tests are over 99% accurate.
If you were designing a home pregnancy test kit, which of the following statements
would you include in the instructions in an attempt to minimize false negative results?
A) Use the test immediately after having sexual intercourse.
B) Drink several large glasses of water. Wait one hour and then take the test.
C) Take the test, and 30 seconds later check the results of the test.
D) Wait at least a week after missing the start of your menstrual flow to take the test.
Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part
of their lives in water but live on land as adults. The adults of many species return to
water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen
intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area
than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin
surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist,
frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations.
In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size,
frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine
that measures oxygen consumption) for 1 hour. The table shows the results of the
experiment.
If you could alter the shape of a frog so that it was long and thin instead of compact, the
frog's oxygen transfer efficiency would
A) increase, because the frog would be larger.
B) decrease, because there would be more skin area to keep moist.
C) increase, because the frog would have more surface area in relation to body volume.
D) not change at all, because the body volume would remain constant.
Living things that live in the polar ice biome include
A) mosses, lichens, seals, and polar bears.
B) penguins, seals, moose, and springtails.
C) mosses, ferns, gulls, and penguins.
D) lichens, jaguars, gulls, and polar bears.
Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback?
A) After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more
insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
B) After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets
in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets,
leading to the formation of a blood clot.
C) An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood
pressure to decrease.
D) The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.
Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH.
Carnivorous plants are more likely to grow in acid bogs because
A) organic matter decays so slowly there.
B) acid soil inhibits growth of plant roots.
C) acid rain damages leaves and stems.
D) mycorrhizal growth is inhibited.
Which of the following is most clearly a case of density-dependent population
regulation?
A) the summer drying of savanna grass for an insect that feeds on grass sap
B) a dangerous new flu strain that is transmitted among humans by sneezing
C) the first hard frost of fall for a population of annual morning glory vines
D) the occurrence of rainstorms for an opportunistic desert annual
Suppose you take two young cuttings of a house plant. You cut the roots off of one
cutting and then place both cuttings in a jar of red dye. After 20 minutes, the roots,
stem, and leaves of the cutting with roots have turned pink. The cutting without roots
has not changed color at all. Why has the cutting without roots remained a normal,
green color?
A) Cutting the roots has damaged the xylem, so the plant can no longer take up water.
B) Cutting the roots has damaged the phloem, so the plant can no longer take up water.
C) Cutting the roots has damaged the apical meristem, so the plant can no longer take
up water.
D) Cutting the roots has damaged the sporangia, so the plant can no longer take up
water.
Our emotions, learning, and memory depend upon the
A) limbic system.
B) parietal lobes.
C) frontal lobes.
D) occipital lobes.
Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that
A) kinetic energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work, and chemical
energy is the energy of movement.
B) kinetic energy can be converted into various forms of energy, whereas chemical
energy can only be converted into heat.
C) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the
potential energy of molecules.
D) chemical energy is a particular form of kinetic energy.
An immune system cell called the plasma cell produces thousands of antibodies per
second for release into the body. What type of intracellular structure would you expect
to be very prominent within the cell?
A) nucleus
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) peroxisome
D) microtubules
________ are a component of the immune system that are able to destroy cancer cells
by deploying toxins into infected cells as a means of killing them. In this role they are
cytotoxicthat is, "cell killing."
A) Natural killer cells
B) Phagocytes
C) Antibodies
D) B cells
The redwood groves in Northern California are one of America's greatest natural
resources. Redwoods can live more than 2,000 years and grow taller than 350 feet.
When tourism became popular in the late 1800s, large tunnels were cut through the
center of several of these giant trees to allow wagons to pass through (and to attract
tourists to the location). Even today, visitors wait in line to be photographed driving
their cars through a tunnel. When the groves were converted into national parks, the
tunneling was discontinued, but several tunneled trees are still alive.
When the redwood tunnels were first constructed, not much consideration was given to
the long-term effects of a tunnel on a tree's health. Nevertheless, many trees have
survived more than 100 years after a tunnel was cut through their trunks. This is
possible because
A) the wood rays run laterally through the trunk, so water and nutrients can still travel
to all the tree's tissues.
B) the remaining heartwood is able to transport water and nutrients through the trunk.
C) the secondary xylem and phloem run vertically on either side of the vascular
cambium and are not completely disrupted by the tunnel.
D) mature cork cells are dead, so their loss does not disrupt nutrient and water transport.
Research indicates that ________ respond(s) to ________ signals that inform a cell
about its position relative to other cells in the embryo.
A) nervous tissue; hormonal
B) master control genes; chemical
C) organs; radio
D) organelles; chemical
Which of the following situations represents an example of territorial behavior?
A) Digger wasps are able to recognize the pattern of landmarks around their nests.
B) Sow bugs become more active and move around randomly if they find themselves in
a dry area.
C) Gannets breed in dense colonies. Each gannet defends the area within the beak's
reach of its nest, but gannets feeding at sea are indifferent to each other.
D) Troops of monkey species use well-defined, widely overlapping ranges. Troops
avoid encountering each other and are aggressive if they meet.
Antibodies are
A) amino acids.
B) lipids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.
Which of the following statements is false?
A) Incomplete dominance supports the blending hypothesis.
B) The four blood types result from various combinations of the three different ABO
alleles.
C) ABO blood groups can provide evidence of paternity.
D) The impact of a single gene on more than one character is called pleiotropy.
The function of a sperm cell's acrosome is to
A) carry the sperm's nucleus.
B) fuse with the jelly coat of the egg cell.
C) carry enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.
D) carry the fuel that powers the sperm.
Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing
genomes?
A) It is extremely accurate.
B) Multiple genomes can be analyzed simultaneously.
C) It is fast and inexpensive.
D) It is very labor-intensive.
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?
A) The cytoskeleton helps to support cells.
B) Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently
in place.
C) The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, microtubules,
and intermediate filaments.
D) The cytoskeleton plays an important role in amoeboid motion.
One of the key contributions of the punctuated equilibrium model is that it helps
explain
A) why transitional fossils are more common than Darwin would have predicted.
B) why transitional fossils tend to be rare and certain common fossil species remain
unchanged for long time spans.
C) how new species arise from hybridization events.
D) why large, widespread populations tend to be the ones that evolve most rapidly and
unpredictably.
Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?
A) RNA uses the sugar dextrose.
B) RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
C) One RNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.
D) RNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
Which of the following describes the stage of the cardiac cycle shown?
A) AV and SL valves both open, ventricles contracting
B) AV valves open, SL valves closed, ventricles contracting
C) AV valves closed, SL valves open, ventricles contracting
D) AV valves closed, SL valves open, ventricles relaxed
Which of the following statements is false?
A) Some prophage genes can cause the transformation of a nonpathogenic bacterium
into a form that causes human disease.
B) Sometimes an environmental signal can trigger a switchover from the lysogenic to
the lytic cycle.
C) The lysogenic cycle always occurs inside of host cells.
D) The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells.
The laryngeal nerve is 15 feet long in giraffes because
A) the giraffe's throat is located far away from its brain.
B) this nerve connects to the spinal cord.
C) the nerve is modified from an ancestor that did not have a neck.
D) the laryngeal nerve is a vestigial organ.
A decrease in ________ is followed by the gradual degradation of the corpus luteum.
A) LH
B) FSH
C) estrogen
D) progesterone
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Corals belong to phylum Cnidaria. The reefs themselves are made up of millions of
polyps, each of which secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton that becomes part of the
reef structure. Corals, which are attached to the reef as adults, have free-swimming
larvae that develop into new polyps.
Corals are actually colorless. The brilliant colors that are visible on the reef come from
the zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) that live within their body tissues. The
zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship in which corals provide carbon
dioxide and mineral nutrients (released as wastes from coral digestion) to the
zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces
nutrients (in the form of sugars) for the coral and also releases oxygen. This relationship
supplements energy from predation and allows corals to survive in clear tropical water,
even though these areas have very low nutrient levels.
Corals supplement the energy they receive from the zooxanthellae by capturing prey
with their
A) amoebocytes.
B) cnidocytes.
C) choanocytes.
D) osteocytes.
Endocrine disruptors on reproductive behavior affect behavior by
A) impairing the immune system.
B) mimicking a hormone or enhancing hormone activity.
C) increasing social behavior.
D) reinforcing mating rituals.
