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Artificial electrical stimulation of a human's capsaicin-sensitive neurons would likely
produce the sensation of _____.
A) cold temperature
B) hot temperature
C) tactile stimulus
D) deep pressure
When adenylyl cyclase is activated ________.
A) cAMP is created
B) cAMP is destroyed
C) G proteins bind to cAMP
D) steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer
Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
A) a rasping tongue
B) paired fins
C) jaws
D) a well-developed notochord
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.
A) protects the zygote from herbivores
B) evolved concurrently with pollen
C) helps in dispersal of the zygote
D) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification that stated that
organisms of a particular species are adapted to their environment when they possess
_____.
A) non-heritable traits that enhance their survival in the local environment
B) non-heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local
environment
C) heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local
environment
D) heritable traits that decrease their survival and reproductive success in the local
environment
Viagra causes dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the penis,
facilitating erection. Viagra acts by inhibiting _____.
A) the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP
B) the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
C) the dephosphorylation of cGMP
D) the removal of GMP from the cell
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus.
Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues.
How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus?
A) 8
B) 16
C) 24
D) 32
Changes in cell position occur extensively during _____.
A) organogenesis, but not during gastrulation or cleavage
B) cleavage, but not during gastrulation or organogenesis
C) gastrulation and cleavage
D) gastrulation
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a
nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called?
A) deletion
B) inversion
C) translocation
D) duplication
Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many
chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?
A) four
B) two
C) eight
D) a diploid number
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the
Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find that 30,000 molecules of ATP were consumed, but only
20,000 molecules of NADPH were consumed. Where did the extra ATP molecules
come from?
A) photosystem II
B) photosystem I
C) cyclic electron flow
D) linear electron flow
Choose the term that matches the description. This causes extremely high levels of toxic
chemicals in fish-eating birds.
A) acid precipitation
B) biological magnification
C) greenhouse effect
D) eutrophication
Ecologists often build models to depict the relationships between organisms. In such
models, an arrow is used to link two organisms in a relationship. The arrowhead is next
to the organism that is affected. If the effect is positive, the arrow is labeled with (+),
and if negative, then the label is (-). Capuchin monkeys have been known to use rocks
to smash open the fruits of Brazil nut trees. On the rare occasions when this has been
observed, the monkeys consume all of the Brazil nuts. Thus, which of the following
correctly depicts the relationship between capuchin monkeys and Brazil nut trees?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum
Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on
the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage
permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food
from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The
body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth.
Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos
undergo spiral cleavage.
If harboring large populations of cycliophorans neither helps nor harms their lobster
hosts, then cycliophorans can be properly considered to be _____.
1. parasites
2. mutualists
3. commensals
4. symbionts
5. endosymbionts
A) 1 and 4
B) 3 and 4
C) 2 and 5
D) 3 and 5
Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a
particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles,
to answer the question(s) below.
Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?
A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
Which of the following observations provides the strongest evidence against root
pressure being the principal mechanism of water transport in the xylem?
A) Not all soils have high concentrations of ions.
B) Root pressure requires movement of water into the xylem from surrounding cells in
the roots.
C) Over long distances, the force of root pressure is not enough to overcome the force
of gravity.
D) There is no water potential gradient between roots and shoots.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life?
I. formation of protobionts
II. synthesis of organic monomers
III. synthesis of organic polymers
IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
A) I, II, III, IV
B) I, III, II, IV
C) II, III, I, IV
D) II, III, IV, I
In some jacana species, males take care of the eggs and young, and females compete
among themselves for territories that contain one to several males. Female jacanas are
significantly larger than males. Which of these statements would you predict to be true
of this bird species?
1. Male jacana fitness is primarily limited by ability to take care of eggs and raise
young.
2. Female jacana fitness is limited by the number of males in her territory with which a
female mates.
3. Variation in reproductive success should be greater in male jacanas than in females.
4. Variation in reproductive success should be greater in female jacanas than in males.
5. Males and females have equal variation in reproductive success.
A) 1 and 3
B) 2 and 4
C) 1, 2, and 4
D) 5
Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?
A) Echinodermata bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system
B) Nematoda segmented worms, closed circulatory system
C) Cnidaria flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate
D) Platyhelminthes radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms
Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA?
A) cytosine and uracil
B) cytosine and thymine
C) cytosine, uracil, and thymine
D) cytosine, uracil, and guanine
The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. How do privet
chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans ,who also have 46?
A) Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually.
B) Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in
the laboratory.
C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.
D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other shrubs.
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH -
TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
B) ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
D) T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
The product of the bicoid gene in Drosophila provides essential information about
_____.
A) the dorsal-ventral axis
B) the left-right axis
C) segmentation
D) the anterior-posterior axis
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to
250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers
range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most of the flowers were red. Six to
eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from
pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the
season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to
lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type
of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink
to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than
white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers
produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts
in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science
227:315-17).
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of
grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?
A) They self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another.
B) Their pollinating insects are color blind.
C) They are wind pollinated.
D) They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances.
If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar
levels, one approach might be to design a compound _____.
A) that activates epinephrine receptors
B) that increases cAMP production in liver cells
C) to block G protein activity in liver cells
D) that increases phosphorylase activity
Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions,
potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of
freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in
these animals?
A) To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up
additional sodium and chloride from seawater.
B) Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their
concentration gradient.
C) Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion.
D) Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.
Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question(s) below.
The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and
potassium channels is indicated by the label _____.
A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting
in the _____.
A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
C) loss of fluid from capillaries
D) increased diffusion of hemoglobin
Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island
Biogeography Model?
A) As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases.
B) Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species.
C) Small islands receive few new immigrant species.
D) Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.
A male's "primary" sex characteristics include _____.
A) deepening of the voice at puberty
B) development of the seminal vesicles and associated ducts
C) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty
D) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or
oxidation-reduction reaction _____.
A) gains electrons and gains potential energy
B) loses electrons and loses potential energy
C) gains electrons and loses potential energy
D) loses electrons and gains potential energy
Arrange the following in order from most general to most specific.
1 natural selection
2. microevolution
3. intrasexual selection
4. evolution
5. sexual selection
A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
B) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
C) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by _____.
A) converting nitrogen gas to ammonia
B) releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil
C) converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb
D) incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds
An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it
comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a _____.
A) sea star living deep in the ocean
B) bass living in a farm pond
C) hummingbird flying through a prairie
D) honeybee in a hive on a rural farm
Refer to the drawings in the figure below of a single pair of homologous chromosomes
as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the
following questions.
Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?
A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) V
