Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
A) the trend toward smaller size
B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle
C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
D) the trend toward larger gametophytes
Tumor-suppressor genes _____.
A) are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells
B) are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses
C) encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
D) often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle
Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.
A) breezes
B) rain droplets
C) seed-eating birds
D) squirrels
The archenteron of a frog develops into the _____.
A) blastocoel
B) endoderm
C) placenta
D) lumen of the digestive tract
Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is
accomplished by the _____.
A) respiratory system
B) endocrine system
C) integumentary system
D) excretory system
Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather
than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures
best supports this view?
A) cell wall
B) cell membrane
C) vacuole
D) plasmodesmata
Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to
two generations of the same angiosperm.
1. ovary
2. ovule
3. egg
4. carpel
5. embryo sac
A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
B) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
C) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
D) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective?
A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) active transport
D) secretion
Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
A) root cap
B) root hairs
C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D) storage roots
Which of the following occurs in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?
A) post-transcriptional splicing
B) concurrent transcription and translation
C) translation in the absence of a ribosome
D) gene regulation
Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?
A) the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs
B) eye color in humans
C) green color of a plant
D) a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from
fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.
A) preying on animals
B) ingesting it
C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey
D) using enzymes to digest their food
The primary difference between the small-population approach (S-PA) and the
declining-population approach (D-PA) to biodiversity recovery is _____.
A) S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather
than the environmental factors that caused the population’s decline
B) S-PA applies for conservation biologists when population numbers fall below 500
C) D-PA would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small
populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity
D) S-PA would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the
species being studied for recovery
The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of _____.
A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) primary visual cortex
D) lateral geniculate nuclei
The sea slug Elysia chorotica has no nematocysts or dinoflagellates but, rather, has
“naked” chloroplasts in its skin. The chloroplasts are all that remain of the seaweed
(Vaucheria sp.) that Elysia feeds upon. The chloroplasts are transferred to the skin;
consequently, this slug is green. It spends most of its time basking in shallow water on
the surface of seaweeds. How should we expect its chloroplasts to benefit the Elysia sea
slug?
1. provide Elysia with fixed carbon dioxide
2. provide Elysia with fixed nitrogen
3. provide Elysia with protective coloration
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
A) An input of energy is required for transport.
B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane.
C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane.
D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
In a healthy person, after a large meal, the production of _____ will increase. After
fasting, the production of _____ will increase.
A) trypsin; trypsinogen
B) glucagon; glucose
C) glucagon; pepsinogen
D) insulin; glucagon
The questions below refer to the following paragraph.
HIV’s genome of RNA includes the code for reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that
acts early in infection to synthesize a DNA genome off of an RNA template. The HIV
genome also codes for protease (PR), an enzyme that acts later in infection by cutting
long viral polyproteins into smaller, functional proteins. Both RT and PR represent
potential targets for antiretroviral drugs. Drugs called nucleoside analogs (NA) act
against RT, whereas drugs called protease inhibitors (PI) act against PR.
Every HIV particle contains two RNA molecules. If two genes from one RNA molecule
become detached and then, as a unit, get attached to one end of the other RNA molecule
within a single HIV particle, which of these is true?
A) There are now fewer genes within the viral particle.
B) There are now more genes within the viral particle.
C) A point substitution mutation has occurred in the retroviral genome.
D) One of the RNA molecules has experienced gene duplication as the result of
translocation.
Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
C) They have the same chemical properties.
D) They have different molecular formulas.
Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?
A) proviruses
B) viroids
C) bacteriophages
D) retroviruses
How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell?
A) A flaccid cell has higher pressure potential.
B) A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential.
C) A flaccid cell has higher solute potential.
D) A flaccid cell has lower solute potential.
Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300
individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total
population size?
A) 200
B) 1050
C) 1600
D) 2100
The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment involves _____.
A) mutation
B) asexual reproduction
C) sexual reproduction
Which of the following is a limit of evolution that results in exaptations?
A) Natural selection and sexual selection can work at cross-purposes to each other.
B) Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
C) Adaptations are often compromises.
D) Chance events affect the evolutionary history of populations in environments that
can change unpredictably.
The diploid number of a roundworm species is 4. Assuming there is no crossover, and
random segregation of homologues during meiosis, how many different possible
combinations of chromosomes might there be in the offspring (not including variety
generated by crossing over)?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 64
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
The unlettered circle at the top of the figure shows a diploid nucleus with four
chromosomes that have not yet replicated. There are two pairs of homologous
chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is black, and the other is
gray. The circles labeled A to E show various combinations of these chromosomes.
What is the correct chromosomal condition for one daughter nucleus at telophase of
mitosis?
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur, _____.
A) the number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change
B) changes to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the gene pool
C) large numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change
D) at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change
For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _____.
A) hydrophilic
B) hydrophobic
C) amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
D) exposed on only one surface of the membrane
The following questions are based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown
in the figure.
Refer to the figure above. A monocot stem is represented by _____.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) IV only
The inability of organisms to evolve anything that could be an advantage reflects
_____.
A) the limits of historical constraints
B) the inability to compromise
C) the consequences of random mutations
D) the consequences of inbreeding