The ________ help(s) plants retain water.
A) hypha
B) cuticle
C) mycorrhiza
D) lignin
Why is RNA thought to have been the first genetic material?
A) RNA is structurally simpler than DNA.
B) RNA has been found on meteorites.
C) RNA is capable of self-replication
D) Primitive organisms, such as some viruses, have RNA as their genetic material.
Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water?
A) roots
B) interior cells
C) stomata
D) leaves
What best helps a broken bone heal?
A) grafting new bone to the region
B) exercising the area with the broken bone
C) taking calcium supplements
D) returning the broken bone parts back to their natural shape and then immobilizing
the bone
Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).
Malaria is a disease caused by parasitic protists in the genusPlasmodium. The parasite is
transmitted to humans by female Anopheles mosquitoes. ThePlasmodium parasite feeds
on human red blood cells, eventually destroying them. Humans infected with malaria
can exhibit many symptoms. Depending on the severity of the infection, these can range
from fever, chills, sweating, and headaches to anemia and kidney failure. Ultimately,
malaria can result in death. However, if time and money permit, once a person is
infected, they can be treated with different antimalarial drugs. Two commonly used
drugs are artemisinin and quinine. In addition, one way to prevent the spread of malaria
is to apply pesticides to treat areas with Anopheles mosquitoes. The National Malaria
Eradication Program began work in 1947 with the goal of eliminating malaria from the
southern United States. In 1947, 15,000 cases of malaria were reported nationwide. By
1950, only 2,000 cases were reported, and by 1951, malaria was considered eradicated
from the United States. Today, the disease is most common in Africa and South
America, two continents that are highly impoverished. About one million people die
from malaria every year, many of them children. In Africa, it is estimated that one in
every five childhood deaths is due to malaria.
Plasmodium illustrate feeding characteristics of a(n) ________.
A) slime mold
B) ciliate
C) apicomplexan
D) algae
Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell
that is involved in cellular respiration?
A) the cristae of a mitochondrion
B) the outer membrane of a chloroplast
C) the grana of a chloroplast
D) the endoplasmic reticulum
Transgenic animals are currently used ________.
A) to produce potentially useful proteins
B) as food
C) as vectors for use in cloning human DNA
D) all of the answer options are correct
Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I?
A) Half of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole along with half
of the chromosomes inherited from the father.
B) Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.
C) Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.
D) All of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole of the cell, and all
of the chromosomes inherited from the father go to the other pole.
A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would
________.
A) result in a longer polypeptide chain
B) result in a shortened polypeptide chain
C) change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins
D) have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene
When did male fur seals reach carrying capacity?
A) 1915
B) 1930
C) 1940
D) 1950
Where are photosystems located?
A) chlorophyll
B) thylakoid membrane
C) mitochondria
D) stroma
A feature that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ________.
A) parental care of eggs
B) ectothermy
C) metamorphosis
D) the amniotic egg
Antibodies are ________.
A) composed of four fatty acid chains
B) a type of lymphocyte
C) proteins with short carbohydrates attached
D) proteins consisting of four polypeptide chains
Which of the following is NOT a cause of increasing CO2 levels?
A) burning of fossil fuels
B) home energy use
C) production of manufactured goods
D) creating compost piles from vegetable waste
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant
population declines, and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that
local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and
deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20
years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world,
such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems
including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for
example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction.
Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive
amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have
survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals
continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. This would be
an example of ________.
A) genetic drift
B) natural selection
C) the founder effect
D) sexual selection
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
The way Earth moves about the sun is most like ________.
A) a neutron and electron moving around a proton
B) an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom
C) a proton moving about an electron
D) a neutron moving about a proton
Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine trials of 1954 involved giving placebos to 201,229 children
and the polio vaccine to 200,745 children. Out of the placebo group, 142 children
developed polio, whereas 57 children from the vaccine group developed polio.
Approximately how many more times likely was a child to develop polio if he or she
were NOT vaccinated?
A) thirty
B) ten
C) five
D) three
Male tortoiseshell cats ________.
A) do not have an X chromosome
B) have orange and black patches of fur that reflect the pattern of X chromosome
inactivation
C) are usually XYY individuals
D) are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats
are XY
You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0C. About how many Calories are needed to
heat up the water to 100C?
A) 100 Calories
B) 200 Calories
C) 2,000 Calories
D) 10,000 Calories
What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?
A) Discovery science “discovers” new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science
does not.
B) Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven
science is based on inductive reasoning.
C) Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven
science tries to explain nature.
D) Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven
science involves tentative answers to specific questions.
Discovery science is primarily based on ________.
A) hypothesis testing
B) deduction
C) experimentation
D) observation
During telophase, ________.
A) the events of prophase are reversed
B) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
C) sister chromatids become separate chromosomes
D) the nuclear envelope breaks up
Across the globe, billions of people eat rice. In order to make rice grains (the seed), a
rice plant must flower and be pollinated. Rice plants flower only after days become
shorter (i.e., summer to autumn). What is the best classification for rice?
A) long night
B) short night
C) night neutral
D) long day
Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many covalent bonds can sulfur form?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 0
What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?
A) They decompose organic material.
B) They pollinate plants.
C) They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.
D) They perform photosynthesis.
Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Nitrogen shortage is a common nutritional problem for plants. In crops, a nitrogen
deficiency can result in stunted growth as well as lower nutritional content. Farmers
sometimes apply fertilizers containing nitrogen as well as other essential nutrients, such
as phosphorus and potassium. Compost can also be used to fertilize soils. Compost
consists of vegetable matter that adds nutrients to soil as it is decomposed by
microorganisms, fungi, and animals. Certain plants, including legumes such as peas and
beans, house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in swellings called “root nodules.” The bacteria
have enzymes that help convert atmospheric N2 to ammonium ions that can be readily
used by the plants. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with other nutrients. When
conditions are favorable, root nodule bacteria fix so much nitrogen that the nodules
secrete excess ammonia.
Which approach could an organic farmer use to deal with nitrogen deficiency?
A) plant legumes in alternate years and fertilize the soil with compost
B) apply synthetic fertilizers that provide nitrogen
C) plant legumes in alternate years and use synthetic fertilizers
D) use genetically modified plants that require less nitrogen
What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?
A) RNA splicing
B) the removal of exons
C) the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm
D) a cap and tail
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent?
A) frequency of the dominant allele
B) frequency of heterozygotes
C) frequency of the recessive allele
D) frequency of the homozygotes for one allele
What chromosomes belong to a normal human male?
A) 22 autosomes and two Y chromosomes
B) 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes
C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
D) 46 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome