130 Chapter 9—Higher Invertebrates
66. ____ are sea stars that have greatly affected coral reefs in the past by their feeding habits.
a.
Crown of thorns
b.
Purple sea urchin
c.
Red sea urchin
d.
Serpent stars
e.
Sea lilies
67. A toothed, biting structure found in the mouths of sea urchins that is used for rasping algae is called:
a.
a tube foot.
b.
Aristotle’s lantern.
c.
a pedicellaria.
d.
an ambulacral groove.
e.
a dermal denticle.
68. Sea cucumbers and sedentary annelid worms share all but which in common?
a.
both can be deposit feeders.
b.
both have oral structures to collect detritus.
c.
similar body segmentation.
d.
digestive tract is a straight tube
69. Sea cucumbers belong to the class:
a.
Asteroidea.
b.
Ophiuroidea.
c.
Echinoidea.
d.
Holothuroidea.
e.
Crinoidea.
70. The process by which sea cucumbers protect themselves from predators by releasing their internal
organs is called:
a.
regeneration.
b.
cryptic behavior.
c.
evisceration.
d.
deposit feeding.
e.
molting.
71. The tunic of tunicates is composed of:
a.
a cellulose-like substance.
b.
chitin.
c.
silica.
d.
calcium carbonate.
e.
starch.
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72. An example of an invertebrate chordate belongs in the subphylum:
a.
Vertebrata.
b.
Urochordata.
c.
Chelicerata.
d.
Crustacea.
e.
Pycnogonida.
73. Larvacean tunicates feed by means of:
a.
a mucus bubble that surrounds them.
b.
feathery appendages.
c.
sharp teeth.
d.
sucking on benthic deposits.
e.
collar cells.
74. A sea squirt uses its ____ for food collection and gas exchange.
a.
siphon
b.
pharynx
c.
tunic
d.
mantle
e.
radula
75. What do sea squirts and mussels have in common?
a.
both are in the same phylum.
b.
both have incurrent and excurrent siphons.
c.
both are covered in a tunic.
d.
both reproduce asexually.
e.
both attach to the substrate using the same materials.
76. ____ are important as food in parts of Asia, and fed to chickens in Brazil.
a.
Sea squirts
b.
Salps
c.
Larvaceans
d.
Cephalochordates
e.
Nudibranchs
77. The lancelet looks like a fish but is considered an invertebrate because it:
a.
lacks lungs.
b.
lacks a nerve cord.
c.
lacks a backbone.
d.
both b and c
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78. An arrowworm is a type of planktonic
a.
herbivore.
b.
detritivore.
c.
carnivore.
d.
omnivore.
e.
filter feeder.
79. Arroworms seize their prey with:
a.
tetrodotoxin.
b.
stinging cells.
c.
engulfing with their mouth.
d.
oral tentacles.
e.
grasping spines.
80. Arroworms immobilize their prey with:
a.
tetrodotoxin.
b.
stinging cells.
c.
engulfing with their mouth.
d.
oral tentacles.
e.
grasping spines.
81. The role of arroworms in the pelagic ecosystem is to:
a.
filter feed on small plankton.
b.
link primary and higher consumers in the food chain.
c.
prevent grazers from population explosions.
d.
scavenge nutrition from dying animals.
e.
recycle nutrients from detritus.
82. Which of the following is not a characteristic of salps?
a.
Free-swimming lifestyle
b.
Incurrent and excurrent siphons
c.
Radial symmetry
d.
Bioluminescence
e.
Filter-feeding
TRUE/FALSE
83. Every type of mollusc has a radula.
84. Snails, limpets and abalone are all gastropods.
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85. Most cephalopods are benthic deposit feeders.
86. Crustaceans have paired antennae.
87. Chitons roll up into a ball for protection when removed from a rock.
88. Scaphopods use tentacles on their heads for capturing their prey.
89. All gastropods are grazers.
90. All gastropods are covered by one external shell.
91. The tentacles of squids bear hooks, while those of octopus do not.
92. The invertebrate phylum having the greatest species diversity is Arthropoda.
93. In chelicerates, the abdomen and telson are fused.
94. Sea spiders belong to the subphylum Crustacea.
95. Most large crustaceans exchange gases through their exoskeletons.
96. A common larval form of barnacles is the cyprid larva.
97. Tube feet of sea stars are used for feeding in addition to locomotion.
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98. Sea cucumbers belong to the class Echinoidea.
99. Sea urchins are mostly carnivores.
MATCHING
Match the phylum with the distinguishing features.
a.
Exoskelton, jointed legs
b.
Foot, mantle
c.
Lancelets
100. Mollusca
101. Arthropoda
102. Cephalochordata
100. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 215
101. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 235
102. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 251
Match the phylum with the distinguishing feature.
a.
Transparent, torpedo-shaped body
b.
Water-vascular system
c.
Post-anal tail
103. Echinodermata
104. Chordata
105. Chaetognatha
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
benthic filter feeders; live as infauna
b.
all types of feeding represented
c.
benthic filter feeders; live as epifauna
106. Urochordata (tunicates)
107. Cephalochordata
108. Echinodermata
Match the molluscan class with its most closely associated characteristic.
a.
eight plates
b.
head foot
c.
stomach foot
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109. Gastropod
110. Polyplacophora
111. Cephalopod
112. Bivalvia
Match the molluscan shell layer with its relative position.
a.
inner layer
b.
outer layer
c.
middle layer
113. Periostracum
114. Prismatic
115. Nacreous
Match the characteristic of the coleoid group with the group.
a.
eight arms
b.
ten arms in five pairs
c.
small internal shell
d.
large external shell
116. Cuttlefish
117. Octopus
118. Squid
119. Nautilus
Match the characteristic with the organism it is most closely associated with.
a.
Photophore
b.
Chelicerae
c.
Mandibles
120. Horseshoe crab
121. Crustaceans
122. Krill
d.
gills strain seawater to collect plankton
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Match the class with its most closely associated habitat.
a.
Sessile on solid substrate
b.
Sand beaches
c.
Pelagic
123. Copepods
124. Barnacles
125. Beach fleas
Match the words with the most closely associated organism.
a.
Bilateral flattened
b.
Five arms attach to central region
c.
Radial oval test
d.
Five arms attach to a round central disk
126. Sea stars
127. Sea urchins
128. Sand dollars
129. Brittle stars
Match the words with the most closely associated organism.
a.
Eel-like infauna
b.
Sessile epifauna
c.
Barrel-shaped, transparent plankton
130. Sea squirts
131. Salps
132. Lancelets
ESSAY
133. Describe how and why some species of nudibranchs use the stinging nematocysts of cnidarians.
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134. Identify the main types of bivalves and describe how they differ in their life habits.
135. Describe the symbiosis between wood-boring bivalves and the bacteria inhabiting their guts. How do
both organisms benefit from the relationship?
136. Unlike other decapods, hermit crabs are covered by a very thin and light exoskeleton that does not
confer much protection against predators. How is this a selective advantage for the hermit crabs?
137. Contrast the various functions of the mantle between Cephalopods and Gastropods.
138. What features of cephalopods have allowed some species to grow to large sizes relative to gastropods?
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139. Describe the method by which nautiloids regulate their buoyancy.
140. What are the 2 main anatomical adaptations that contributed to the evolutionary success of arthropods?
141. Discuss 3 reasons why the crustaceans are considered the most important group of arthropods in the
marine environment.
142. Describe 3 anatomical features that distinguish a bivalve from the phylum Mollusca from a
brachiopod.
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143. Even though echinoderms are considered advanced invertebrates, they are radially symmetric in a way
similar to the simple cnidarians. What advantage does radial symmetry confer upon echinoderms?
144. Why is it especially important that some echinoderms, like the sea stars, maintain an aboral surface
free of debris and settling larvae?
145. Echinoderms often have an important ecological effect on their environment. Provide at least 2
examples of their effects in particular locations.
146. What ecological roles do burrowing polychaetes play in the marine environment?
147. Describe the symbiotic relationships of tube-dwelling and burrowing worms.