Chapter 8—Lower Invertebrates
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is false about animals?
a.
they are multicellular.
b.
they are heterotrophic.
c.
they are autotrophs.
d.
they lack cell walls.
e.
most can actively move.
2. Sponges belong to the phylum:
a.
Porifera.
b.
Cnidaria.
c.
Platyhelminthes.
d.
Nematoda.
e.
Tubularia.
3. Sponges live a(n) ____ lifestyle.
a.
planktonic.
b.
infaunal.
c.
nektonic.
d.
sessile.
e.
neustonic
4. The form of the sponge body can best be described as having
a.
radial symmetry.
b.
asymmetry.
c.
bilateral symmetry.
d.
dorsal-ventral symmetry.
e.
pentamerous symmetry.
5. Water exits the sponge spongocoel through the:
a.
choanocytes.
b.
spicules.
c.
ostia.
d.
osculum.
e.
pinocytes
6. Water enters the sponge spongocoel through the:
a.
choanocytes.
b.
spicules.
c.
ostia.
d.
osculum.
e.
pinocytes.
7. A flagellated cell involved in bringing water into the spongocoel of sponges is called a(n):
a.
spicule.
b.
choanocyte.
c.
osculum.
d.
ostium.
e.
pinocyte.
8. ____ are cells that move through the sponge’s body.
a.
Collar cells
b.
Pinococytes
c.
Archaeocytes
d.
Spongin
e.
Spicules
9. The feeding biology of sponges is referred to as:
a.
grazing.
b.
filter feeding.
c.
carnivory.
d.
deposit feeding.
e.
omnivory
10. The type of feeding in sponges classifies them as:
a.
grazers.
b.
scrapers.
c.
graspers.
d.
filter-feeders.
e.
omnivores.
11. Sponges are considered:
a.
animals.
b.
plants.
c.
fungi.
d.
bacteria.
e.
Archaea.
12. A sponge body type consisting of one spongocoel having many folds is called:
a.
asconoid.
b.
syconoid.
c.
leuconoid.
d.
hexactinellida.
e.
demospongoid.
13. A sponge body type with many chambers lined with collar cells is called:
a.
asconoid.
b.
syconoid.
c.
leuconoid.
d.
hexactinellida.
e.
demospongoid.
14. The skeletal elements that give support to a sponge’s body are called
a.
choanocytes.
b.
spongin.
c.
spicules.
d.
collar cells.
e.
porocytes.
15. Sponges can have skeletons made of all these materials except:
a.
silica.
b.
calcium carbonate.
c.
starch.
d.
spongin.
e.
protein.
16. Reproduction in sponges includes all except:
a.
budding.
b.
sexual.
c.
fragmentation.
d.
cloning.
17. Sponges often compete with other organisms for:
a.
food.
b.
space.
c.
light.
d.
nutrients.
e.
mating.
18. Sponges avoid predators by:
a.
seeking sheltered locations.
b.
having spicules.
c.
producing toxins.
d.
both b and c
e.
a and b only.
19. Large sponges belonging to the class ____ are harvested for commercial use.
a.
Hexactinellida
b.
Sclerospongia
c.
Spheciospongia
d.
Demospongia
e.
Calcarea
20. Cnidocytes are stinging cells that are characteristic of the phylum:
a.
Porifera.
b.
Annelida.
c.
Echinodermata.
d.
Cnidaria.
e.
Ctenophora.
21. Cnidarians that exhibit only the polyp stage in their life cycle are:
a.
hydrozoans.
b.
scyphozoans.
c.
cubozoans.
d.
anthozoans.
e.
bryozoans.
22. The Cnidarians possess:
a.
a water vascular system.
b.
bi-lateral symmetry.
c.
stinging cells.
d.
spicules.
e.
setae.
23. Cnidarians have ____ symmetry.
a.
radial.
b.
asymmetric.
c.
bilateral.
d.
dorsal-ventral.
e.
pentamerous
24. The nematocysts of cnidarians are produced within the:
a.
cnidocytes.
b.
cnidocils.
c.
statocysts.
d.
mouths.
e.
pneumatocysts.
25. Colonial cnidarians that exhibit both the polyp stage and the medusa stage in their life cycles are:
a.
hydrozoans.
b.
scyphozoans.
c.
cubozoans.
d.
anthozoans.
e.
bryozoans.
26. Jellyfish and box jellyfish are:
a.
hydrozoans.
b.
scyphozoans.
c.
anthozoans.
d.
bryozoans.
e.
protozoans.
27. Common octocorals are the:
a.
sea pens.
b.
gorgonians.
c.
sea anemones.
d.
fire corals.
e.
sea nettles.
28. The Portuguese man-o-war is a member of the class:
a.
Hydrozoa.
b.
Scyphozoa.
c.
Cubozoa.
d.
Anthozoa.
e.
Bryozoa.
29. An example of a member of the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria is:
a.
Portuguese man-o-war.
b.
jellyfish.
c.
sea anemone.
d.
sea wasp.
e.
hydroid.
30. The benthic jellyfish ____ traps plankton to feed on.
a.
Rhizophysa sp.
b.
Cassiopeia sp.
c.
Anthopleura sp.
d.
Fungia sp.
31. The cnidarians have an incomplete gut (having only one opening) called the:
a.
nematocyst.
b.
coelom.
c.
gastrovascular cavity.
d.
pseudointestine.
e.
spongeocoel.
32. Clown fishes form symbiotic relationships with members of this group of cnidarians:
a.
siphonophores.
b.
hydrozoans.
c.
anthozoans.
d.
scyphozoans.
e.
bryozoans.
33. Animals with eight rows of comb plates are called:
a.
jellyfish.
b.
seastars.
c.
ctenophores.
d.
polycheates.
e.
octocorals.
34. Ctenophores feed on:
a.
phytoplankton.
b.
benthic algae.
c.
planktonic animals.
d.
detritus.
e.
DOM.
35. Most species of ctenophore are:
a.
haploid.
b.
male or female only.
c.
hermaphroditic.
d.
asexual.
e.
none of the above
36. You are walking along the beach and see the remains of an unknown animal washed up on shore. You
examine its characteristics and see that it is gelatinous, transparent, bilaterally symmetric, and lacks
tentacles. You provisionally identify its phylum according to which choice?
a.
Gelatinous body rules out Cnidaria.
b.
Lack of tentacles rules out Cnidaria.
c.
Bilateral symmetry rules out Platyhelminthes.
d.
Transparent body rules out Ctenophora.
37. The flatworms have ____ symmetry.
a.
radial.
b.
asymmetric.
c.
bilateral.
d.
spherical.
e.
pentamerous.
38. Which of the following is not a member of the phylum Platyhelminthes?
a.
fluke
b.
tapeworm
c.
flatworm
d.
ribbon worm
39. Representatives of free living flatworms are:
a.
turbellarians.
b.
cestodes.
c.
trematodes.
d.
tapeworms.
e.
polychaetes.
40. Flatworms can reproduce:
a.
asexually.
b.
sexually.
c.
by reciprocal copulation.
d.
all of the above
41. Ribbon worms belong to the phylum:
a.
Nemertea.
b.
Platyhelminthes.
c.
Arthropoda.
d.
Ctenophora.
e.
Cnidaria.
42. How could you tell the difference between a brachiopod and a clam?
a.
brachiopod is sessile, clam is not
b.
brachiopod has two valves, clam does not
c.
brachiopod has a fleshy stalk (pedicel), clam does not
d.
brachiopod is a filter feeder, clam is not
43. Animals that live in the spaces between fine sediment grains are specifically called:
a.
infauna.
b.
epiphytic.
c.
meiofauna.
d.
epifauna.
e.
epizoa.
44. All of the following have bilateral symmetry except:
a.
Nemertea.
b.
Phoronids.
c.
Ctenophora.
d.
Platyhelminthes.
45. Ribbon worms use their ____ for capturing prey.
a.
epitoke
b.
proboscis
c.
pharynx
d.
lophophore
e.
choanocytes
46. Which is not a lophophorate?
a.
Phoronida
b.
Ectoprocta
c.
Brachiopods
d.
Flukes & tapeworms
e.
Lamp shells
47. Colonial animals called moss animals (due to their white encrustations or fuzzy growths) are:
a.
phoronids.
b.
bryozoans.
c.
brachiopods.
d.
anemones.
e.
hydroids.
48. Which of the following is not bilaterally symmetric?
a.
turbellarian
b.
lamp shell
c.
ribbon worm
d.
phoronid
e.
comb jelly
49. The primary feeding type for lophophorates is:
a.
scavengers.
b.
attachment predators.
c.
herbivores.
d.
filter feeders.
e.
infaunal detritivores.
TRUE/FALSE
50. Collar cells of sponges function in moving water through the sponge’s body.
51. Water enters the spongocoel through the osculum.
52. Sponges feed on attached algae.
53. Asconoid sponges are usually the smallest of all sponges.
54. Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
55. Asexual reproduction in sponges is by binary fission.
56. Sponges are heavily preyed upon by marine fishes.
57. 198
The planktonic form of cnidarians is called a medusa.
114 Chapter 8—Lower Invertebrates
58. True jellyfish belong to the class Scyphozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.
59. Both cnidarians and ctenophores manufacture their own nematocysts for capturing prey.
60. Ctenophores are lined with 10 rows of long tentacles used for locomotion.
61. Turbellarians detect small prey items using chemoreceptors.
62. Cephalization is the evolutionary tendency toward the concentration of sense organs at one end of the
body of bilateral animals.
63. Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) primarily feed on sediment, as earthworms do.
MATCHING
Match the characteristic with the most closely associated animal group.
a.
bilateral symmetry
b.
many types are asymmetric
c.
radially symmetric
64. Porifera
65. Ctenophora
66. Platyhelminthes
Match the words with the animals they are most closely associated with.
a.
comb plates
b.
filter feeder
c.
reef forming
67. Porifera
68. Cnidaria
69. Ctenophora
115 Chapter 8—Lower Invertebrates
Match the words with the animals they are most closely associated with.
a.
Cilia for locomotion
b.
Collar cells
c.
Stinging cells
70. Porifera
71. Cnidaria
72. Platyhelminthes
Match the ecological role with the animal group it is most closely associated with.
a.
Carnivores on zooplankton
b.
Filter feeders
c.
Carnivores on benthic infauna
73. Porifera
74. Nemertea
75. Ctenophora
Match the dominant stage with the class it is most closely associated with.
a.
polyp
b.
medusa and polyp
c.
medusa
76. Hydrozoan
77. Scyphozoan
78. Anthozoan
Match the sponge type with the description of body plan.
a.
Complex folding
b.
Vase shape
c.
Simple folding
79. Asconoid
80. Syconoid
81. Leuconoid
Match the animal group with its most closely associated food gathering tool.
a.
Proboscis
b.
Nematocysts
c.
Collar cells
82. Cnidarians
83. Porifera
84. Nemertea
Match the term with its most closely associated animal group.
a.
Gastrovascular cavity
b.
Stylet
c.
Spongocoel
85. Ribbon worms
86. Cnidarian
87. Porifera
Match the life stage with its most closely associated feature.
a.
Attached form
b.
Larval form
c.
Free floating larval and adult form
88. Medusa
89. Polyp
90. Planula
ESSAY
91. What are 4 distinguishing characteristics that separate animals from other organisms?
92. What characteristics of sponges allow sexual reproduction by fragmentation?
93. What are the three classes of cnidarians and how do they differ from each other?
94. What is meant by the term “cephalization”? Identify at least 4 animal phyla that possess this feature.
95. Describe the three main body types of sponges. Which of the three body types is usually the largest?
Why?
96. What are 2 functions of naturally produced chemical defenses in sponges?
97. What are the advantages of radial symmetry to a sessile or slow moving organism?
98. What characteristics of flat worms allow them to use diffusion to excrete waste materials and take up
oxygen (and for some kinds, to absorb nutrition from their hosts)?
99. If all the meiofaunal organisms were eliminated from a sandy beach, how would that affect the habitat
and the trophic structure of the beach?
100. Name the three animal phyla that feed and respire with a lophophore.