Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Algae are divided taxonomically into different groups based on differences in:
a.
morphology.
b.
photosynthetic pigments.
c.
habitat.
d.
depth distribution.
e.
size.
2. The macroalgae are commonly known as:
a.
seagrasses.
b.
seaweeds.
c.
kelps.
d.
higher plants.
e.
phytoplankton.
3. The color of light that penetrates seawater to the greatest depth in coastal waters is:
a.
blue.
b.
red.
c.
green.
d.
orange.
e.
yellow
4. The depth distribution of algae is limited by:
a.
temperature.
b.
pressure.
c.
pH.
d.
light quality.
e.
salinity.
5. The compensation depth refers to:
a.
the depth at which seaweed growth compensates for grazers.
b.
always 3 times the secchi disk depth.
c.
the depth which provides only enough light for photosynthesis but not growth.
d.
the depth where competition excludes a species.
e.
the depth at which phytoplankton dissolve.
6. The greatest diversity of algae is found at:
a.
tropical latitudes.
b.
polar latitudes.
c.
subtropical latitudes.
d.
temperate latitudes.
7. In colder regions, some macroalgae die off in winter, but others termed ____ live for at least 2 years.
a.
perennials
b.
annuals
c.
eurythermals
d.
stenothermals
e.
biannuals.
8. What is the dominant photosynthetic pigment found in all types of algae?
a.
Chlorophyll b
b.
Chlorophyll c
c.
Chlorophyll a
d.
Phycoerythrin
e.
Chlorophyll d
9. Photosynthetic pigments of algae are found in cells within:
a.
chloroplasts.
b.
nuclei.
c.
cell walls.
d.
mitochondria.
e.
vacuoles.
10. All of the following photosynthetic pigments are found in red algae except:
a.
chlorophyll a.
b.
phycoerythrin.
c.
fucoxanthin.
d.
phycocyanin.
e.
chlorophyll d
11. Excess sugars stored by high-latitude algae can
a.
serve as accessory to cellulose.
b.
serve as antifreeze in winter.
c.
keep predators away.
d.
confuse predators with different colors.
e.
protect the algae from wave damage.
12. Some algae utilize calcium carbonate to:
a.
deter herbivores.
b.
aid in maintaining a proper pH balance.
c.
assist in photosynthesis.
d.
replace mucus.
e.
prevent from freezing.
13. Fragmentation is a type of ____ for drift algae, like Sargassum.
a.
mechanism that leads to genetic population structure
b.
sexual reproduction
c.
asexual reproduction
d.
response to high water temperature
e.
response to herbivory
14. When two or more separate mutlicellular algae stages occur in succession during the life cycle, we call
this:
a.
gametangia.
b.
fragmentation.
c.
sporangium.
d.
alternation of generations.
15. Which of these groups of algae could you potentially find in a high mountain lake?
a.
red
b.
brown
c.
green
d.
cyanobacteria
16. The phylum of green algae is:
a.
Rhodophyta.
b.
Chlorophyta.
c.
Anthophyta.
d.
Dinophyta.
e.
Phaeophyta.
17. Those green algae that have large cells with multiple nuclei are termed:
a.
multinucleate.
b.
coenocytic.
c.
entronucleate.
d.
diploid.
e.
haploid.
18. The marine macrophyte group with the highest number of species is:
a.
seagrasses.
b.
red algae.
c.
green algae.
d.
brown algae.
e.
blue-green algae.
19. The following are all main points of the article Seaweeds and Medicine, except:
a.
Seaweeds have been used for thousands of years for therapeutic purposes.
b.
Vitamin C, iodine, and agar are substances found in seaweeds.
c.
Phycocolloids are used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
d.
It is extremely expensive to extract useful substances from seaweeds.
20. Coralline red algae have an outer covering made of:
a.
cellulose.
b.
calcium carbonate.
c.
silica.
d.
protein.
e.
starch
21. The haploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called:
a.
sporophyte.
b.
zygote.
c.
gamete.
d.
gametophyte.
e.
tetrasporophyte.
22. The diploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called:
a.
sporophyte.
b.
zygote.
c.
gamete.
d.
gametophyte.
e.
haptophyte.
23. The carposporphyte ____.
a.
is a gametophyte
b.
remains in the female gametoypyte
c.
contains four sperm cells
d.
is unique to green algae
e.
grows into the macroscopic algal form.
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24. Red algae are important to biomedical/microbiological laboratories due to the algal production of:
a.
carageenan.
b.
algin.
c.
agar.
d.
iodine.
e.
starch.
25. Brown algae belong to the phylum:
a.
Rhodophyta.
b.
Chlorophyta.
c.
Anthophyta.
d.
Phaeophyta.
e.
Dinophyta.
26. All the following photosynthetic pigments are found in brown algae except:
a.
chlorophyll a.
b.
carotenoids.
c.
fucoxanthin.
d.
phycocyanin.
e.
chlorophyll c.
27. Brown algae can reach up to ____ meters in length.
a.
25
b.
50
c.
75
d.
100
e.
200
28. Brown algae are most diverse and abundant along coastlines ____.
a.
at temperate latitudes
b.
at the equator
c.
bordering the Caribbean
d.
bordering the Indo-Pacific
e.
in polar regions.
29. Most brown algae start life attached to rocks; a notable exception is:
a.
giant kelp.
b.
North Atlantic Sargassum.
c.
feather boa kelp.
d.
Laminaria.
e.
Fucus.
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30. Rockweed have eliminated the ____ life stage.
a.
sporophyte
b.
carpospore
c.
gametophyte
d.
zygote
e.
tetrasporophyte
31. In the giant kelp the large thallus is the ____ life stage.
a.
sporophyte
b.
carpospore
c.
gametophyte
d.
zygote
e.
tetrasporophyte
32. This structure can grow >50 m long in kelp.
a.
Blade
b.
Holdfast
c.
Stipe
d.
Gas bladder
e.
Rhizoid.
33. Which of the following is false about Sargassum?
a.
It is in the division Rhodophyta.
b.
Some species are pelagic.
c.
It is common in the Gulf Stream.
d.
It is buoyed by pnuematocysts.
e.
It forms a habitat for animals.
34. ____ is an important food additive that is obtained from giant kelp.
a.
Carageenan
b.
Alginate
c.
Agar
d.
Dulse
e.
Diatomaceous earth
35. All of the following are hydrophytes except:
a.
turtle grass.
b.
Zostera.
c.
surf grass.
d.
cordgrass.
36. Marine flowering plants produce ____.
a.
a sporophyte
b.
a gametophyte
c.
tetraspores
d.
seeds
e.
carpospores.
37. Seed-producing plants first evolved ____.
a.
on land
b.
in freshwater
c.
in the ocean
d.
in estuaries
e.
from red algae ancestors.
38. Flowering plants that are salt tolerant are called
a.
algae.
b.
conifers.
c.
halophytes.
d.
sporophytes.
e.
haptophytes.
39. An example of a hydrophyte flowering plant that can withstand and thrive under conditions of
continued submergence is:
a.
cordgrass.
b.
pickle weed.
c.
salt grass.
d.
turtle grass.
e.
blue grass.
40. The horizontal stems of seagrasses are called:
a.
rhizoids.
b.
rhizomes.
c.
stipes.
d.
blades.
e.
holdfasts.
41. Most seagrasses add nutrients into the marine food chain via
a.
DOM.
b.
detritus.
c.
herbivory.
d.
marine geese.
e.
mucus.
95 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
42. Which of the following is false about marine plants?
a.
They are common in protected bays.
b.
They have xylem and phloem tissues.
c.
They are found only in tropical areas.
d.
They produce seeds.
43. Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to metabolism of starch stored in the:
a.
roots.
b.
leaves.
c.
rhizomes.
d.
turions.
44. The purpose of specialized lacunae are to:
a.
provide structure to the rhizomes.
b.
carry oxygen to plant parts.
c.
provide buoyancy to the blade.
d.
both b and c
45. In seagrasses the process of water-insoluble fertilization is called
a.
hydroponic pollination.
b.
hydrophilous pollination.
c.
sperm pollination.
d.
aquatic insemination.
e.
clonal growth.
46. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in that they:
a.
are not fully marine plants.
b.
require freshwater to reproduce.
c.
are intolerant of full strength seawater.
d.
are found throughout the world.
e.
have roots, while seagrasses do not.
47. Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in
a.
recycling nutrients.
b.
stabilizing sediments.
c.
filtering run-off from coastal areas.
d.
habitat for small animals.
e.
all of the above
48. Saltwort (Batis) maintains osmotic balance with
a.
succulent stems.
b.
salt glands.
c.
salt leaves.
d.
they cannot maintain osmotic balance; they are osmoconformers.
e.
salt filtration mechanisms in the roots.
49. A mechanism in many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is:
a.
to remain as osmoconformers.
b.
to have succulent parts.
c.
to dry out.
d.
to go dormant during periods of high salinity.
e.
to drop leaves.
50. How are giant kelp and sea grass alike?
a.
both contain chlorophyll a
b.
both utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy
c.
both lack conductive tissues and rely on diffusion to transport molecules manufactured by
photosynthesis
d.
both a and b
e.
both b and c
51. Mangroves typically occur in/on:
a.
tropical and subtropical areas.
b.
temperate areas.
c.
polar areas.
d.
open coasts.
e.
sandy beaches.
52. Mangrove trees have specialized ____ to stabilize the plant in ____.
a.
roots, mud
b.
holdfast, rocks
c.
roots, rocks
d.
holdfast, mud
e.
roots, sand
53. Pneumatophores are specialized to:
a.
exchange gas.
b.
produce nutritive roots.
c.
stabilize the plant.
d.
both a and b
54. Which of the following has a role in sediment consolidation similar to that of mangroves?
a.
red algae.
b.
seagrasses.
c.
green algae.
d.
rockweed.
e.
giant kelp.
55. Marine plants may contribute to the prevention of algal blooms by:
a.
trapping sediments.
b.
absorbing excess nutrients.
c.
removing toxic organic pollutants.
d.
producing detritus.
e.
blocking sunlight.
56. Organisms that grow on the surface of algae and marine plants are specifically called:
a.
parasites.
b.
mutualists.
c.
anthophytes.
d.
epiphytes.
e.
epizooites.
TRUE/FALSE
57. Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
58. Algae have no vascular tissue.
59. Red algae can only live in deep waters because their photosynthetic pigments are adapted only for
these depths.
60. Bladders on kelp function to anchor the thallus to the substrate.
61. Holdfasts of algae and roots of flowering plants are structurally identical.
62. The sporophyte generation of kelp is dominant and larger than the gametophyte.
98 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
63. The sporophyte and gametophyte stages of sea lettuce are not identical.
64. Seagrasses are not true grasses.
65. Seagrasses do not produce pollen.
66. The root system of mangroves is extensive and penetrates deep into the sediment.
67. The greatest importance of seagrasses and salt marsh plants as a source of food is that they are eaten
directly by invertebrates and wildlife.
MATCHING
Match the words with the most closely associated algae type.
a.
Ulva
b.
Sargassum
c.
Porphyra
68. Red algae
69. Brown algae
70. Green algae
Match the pigment with the most closely associated algae type.
a.
fucoxanthin
b.
chlorophylls a and b
c.
phycoerythrin
71. Red algae
72. Brown algae
73. Green algae
Match the words with the most closely associated algae type.
a.
gametangia
b.
tetrasporophyte
c.
zygote
99 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
74. Red algae
75. Brown algae
76. Green algae
Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer.
a.
rhizomes
b.
coralline
c.
holdfast
77. Red algae
78. Brown algae
79. Seagrasses
Match the term with the most closely associated term.
a.
Tropics
b.
Temperate; highest diversity in Indo-West Pacific Ocean
c.
Temperate
80. Seagrasses
81. Marsh plants
82. Mangroves
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
Culms
b.
Pneumatophores
c.
Rhizomes
83. Seagrasses
84. Marsh plants
85. Mangroves
Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer.
a.
Stipe and blade
b.
Aerenchyme
c.
Filamentous
d.
Pelagic
100 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
86. Seagrasses
87. Red algae
88. Brown algae
89. Sargassum
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
Matted, with inflated tips
b.
Flat blade perforated with holes
c.
Clustered, resembles thin chips
90. Agarum
91. Padina
92. Fucus
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
food source for insects
b.
habitat for nesting birds
c.
covered with epiphytes
93. Seagrasses
94. Marsh plants
95. Mangrove
93. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 174
94. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 179
95. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 183
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
pollinated by the wind
b.
disperses with floating propagules
c.
hydrophilous pollination
96. Seagrasses
97. Marsh plants
98. Mangroves
101 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
ESSAY
99. Explain the basis for how the three groups of macroalgae are divided, and name the main pigment(s)
characteristic to each group.
100. How do large kelps transport sugars from the terminal ends of the thallus to the bottom? Is this
characteristic of other algae?
101. Why is it possible for multicellular green and red algae to reproduce asexually by fragmentation but
not the brown algae?
102. If salt marsh plants are facultative halophytes, then why do they live and dominate in salty areas but
not elsewhere?
103. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of marine flowering plants.
104. What is the importance of accessory photosynthetic pigments to multicellular algae and other
photosynthetic organisms?
105. What are two functions of mucilage in algae?
106. What advantage does phycoerythrin confer upon red algae?
107. The sporophyte stage of red algae produces spores that are shed into the water. What is the advantage
of shedding spores into the water?
103 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
108. Describe the life cycle of the giant kelp (Macrocystis), including both the gametophyte and sporophyte
stages.
109. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of the giant kelps.
110. How can seagrasses contribute to the building of the environment in which they live?
111. The flowers of seagrasses are small and inconspicuous, rather than large, colorful, and scented.
Explain why these characteristics are useful in the marine environment.
104 Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers
112. What are at least 3 adaptations of salt marsh plants for withstanding salty conditions?
113. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of mangroves.