Chapter 5—Biological Concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The person who presented a similar theory of evolution to that of Darwin was:
a.
Charles Lyle.
b.
Alfred Wallace.
c.
Thomas Malthus.
d.
Alfred Wegener.
e.
Robert Ballard.
2. The geological evidence that was incorporated by Darwin, which showed that the earth was much
older than previously thought, was compiled by
a.
Charles Lyell.
b.
Alfred Wallace.
c.
Thomas Malthus.
d.
Alfred Wegener.
e.
Steven Jay Gould.
3. Carbohydrates contain all the following elements except:
a.
carbon.
b.
nitrogen.
c.
hydrogen.
d.
oxygen.
4. Glucose is a(n):
a.
octahedral carbon base.
b.
six carbon sugar.
c.
heptahedral sugar.
d.
five carbon sugar.
e.
strong polar ion.
5. Sucrose is composed of:
a.
a molecule of glucose and galactose.
b.
two molecules of glucose.
c.
a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose.
d.
a molecule galactose and fructose.
e.
two molecules of fructose.
6. Lactose is
a.
a disaccharide.
b.
an energy source for plants.
c.
a polysaccharide.
d.
also known as table sugar.
e.
a form of starch.
7. An organic molecule comprised of linked similar units is called:
a.
a sugar.
b.
a protein.
c.
a polymer.
d.
an enzyme.
e.
a monomer.
8. The following are all biological molecules utilized in the bodies of marine animals, except
a.
chitin.
b.
triglycerides.
c.
glycogen.
d.
cellulose.
e.
enzymes.
9. The hard exterior of crabs and lobsters is:
a.
chitin.
b.
triglycerides.
c.
glycogen.
d.
cellulose.
e.
based on wax polymers.
10. Fats, oils, and waxes are called:
a.
sugars.
b.
polysaccharides.
c.
lipids.
d.
proteins.
e.
monomers.
11. Proteins are polymers whose basic chemical units are called:
a.
amino acids.
b.
polysaccharides.
c.
lipids.
d.
cellulose.
e.
nucleosides.
12. The number of different amino acids is:
a.
10.
b.
20.
c.
30.
d.
40.
e.
50.
13. Amino acids are assembled within the cells to form:
a.
nucleic acids.
b.
triglycerides.
c.
phospholipids.
d.
polypeptides.
e.
DNA.
14. Genetic information is translated into ____, which direct(s) the chemical activity of an organism.
a.
DNA
b.
carbohydrates
c.
lipids
d.
proteins
e.
inorganic material.
15. A molecule comprised of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group is
called:
a.
a nucleic acid.
b.
a triglyceride.
c.
deoxyribonucleic acid.
d.
a polypeptide.
e.
a carbohydrate.
16. The genetic information of an organism is coded within that organism’s
a.
DNA.
b.
carbohydrates.
c.
lipids.
d.
proteins.
e.
cell membranes.
17. DNA’s shape is:
a.
a helix.
b.
a pentagon.
c.
an octahedron.
d.
a heptahedron.
e.
a scalene triangle.
18. DNA contains an organism’s genetic material, organized into sequences called:
a.
genes.
b.
chromosomes.
c.
gametes.
d.
nuclei.
e.
sperm and egg cells.
19. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are condensed into larger structures called:
a.
DNA.
b.
proteins.
c.
chromosomes.
d.
lipids.
e.
cell membranes.
20. Messenger RNA is:
a.
information copied or transcribed from DNA.
b.
comprised of rRNA.
c.
comprised of tRNA.
d.
referenced by DNA.
e.
used by cells to communicate with each other.
21. The RNA that brings proteins to the ribosome is called:
a.
ribosomal RNA.
b.
transfer RNA.
c.
messenger RNA.
d.
RNA.
e.
helper RNA.
22. All the genes that exist at a given time for a given population are collectively called
a.
the gametes.
b.
the gene pool.
c.
the chromosomes.
d.
the nuclei.
e.
the population structure.
23. If a population of short-lived, annually reproducing fish is exposed for several years in a row to a
chemical toxin that kills 5% of them each year, what might you expect to happen if the population is
re-exposed to the chemical several years later?
a.
much higher death rate.
b.
lower death rate.
c.
about the same death rate.
d.
no mortality—they will be immune to the toxin.
64 Chapter 5—Biological Concepts
24. A population of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other populations is considered a:
a.
kingdom.
b.
phylum.
c.
genus.
d.
species.
e.
class.
25. The occurrence of geographic isolation between two populations will ultimately lead to:
a.
sexual dimorphism.
b.
allopatric speciation.
c.
morphological similarity.
d.
sympatric speciation.
e.
sexual selection.
26. The basic living unit of all living organisms is called:
a.
tissue.
b.
germ plasma.
c.
cells.
d.
organs.
e.
DNA.
27. All types of cells are capable of all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
metabolism.
b.
movement.
c.
growth.
d.
reproduction.
e.
energy conversion.
28. Cytoplasm is comprised of:
a.
organelles and cytosol.
b.
gametes and organelles.
c.
DNA and RNA.
d.
gametes and DNA.
e.
gametes and RNA.
65 Chapter 5—Biological Concepts
29. A eukaryote cell has all these features except
a.
membrane-bound organelles.
b.
it lacks a nucleus.
c.
cytosol.
d.
it is often associated with other cells to form a multi-cellular organism.
e.
numerous chromosomes.
30. Which is not true of a prokaryote cell?
a.
it has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
b.
it lacks membrane-bound organelles.
c.
it is always within a cell wall.
d.
it is always single cellular.
e.
it lacks chromosomes.
31. The organelle responsible for radiant energy conversion to chemical energy is called the:
a.
nucleus.
b.
chloroplasts.
c.
mitochondria.
d.
flagella.
e.
cytosol.
32. The organelles of movement are called:
a.
nuclei.
b.
chloroplasts.
c.
flagella and cilia.
d.
mitochondria.
e.
cytosol.
33. Plants and algae contain this organelle not found in heterotrophs:
a.
nucleus.
b.
mitochondria.
c.
chloroplasts.
d.
flagella.
34. Cellular respiration occurs in the
a.
nucleus.
b.
chloroplasts.
c.
flagella.
d.
mitochondria.
e.
cell membranes.
35. Reproduction in prokaryotes is known as:
a.
binary fission.
b.
meiosis.
c.
mitosis.
d.
sexual reproduction.
e.
spawning.
36. In eukaryotes the nucleus is duplicated in a process called:
a.
binary fusion.
b.
meiosis.
c.
mitosis.
d.
fusion.
e.
cloning.
37. A single-celled diploid eukaryote with 8 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes
do the resultant offspring possess?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
8
d.
16
38. Groups of the same cell type that serve a particular purpose are called:
a.
colonies.
b.
organs.
c.
organ systems.
d.
tissues.
e.
functional clusters.
39. Which is the proper order of organization?
a.
Cells, organs, tissues
b.
Cells, tissues, organs
c.
Organs, tissues, organs systems
d.
Organs, cells, tissues
e.
Tissues, organs, cells.
40. Binomial nomenclature uses the following two words in naming organisms:
a.
genus and species.
b.
kingdom and phylum.
c.
family and genus.
d.
class and order.
e.
order and species.
41. Organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are placed within the domain
a.
Archaea.
b.
Eubacteria.
c.
Prokaryotae.
d.
a or b
e.
Eukarya.
42. Multicellular animals belong to the kingdom
a.
Plantae.
b.
Animalia.
c.
Prokaryotae.
d.
Fungi.
TRUE/FALSE
43. The processes of natural selection are non-random and lead to the incorporation of only favorable traits
in succeeding generations.
44. The only source of variety and diversity in sexually reproducing organisms is through mutations.
45. Organisms classified in the same genus share similar characteristics of morphology and are believed to
have a common ancestor.
46. The salinity of the environment is a good example of a natural evolutionary selective force.
MATCHING
Match the term on the left with the associated items on the right.
a.
glucose & fructose
b.
basic fuel for living cells
c.
glucose & glucose
47. Lactose
48. Glucose
49. Sucrose
68 Chapter 5—Biological Concepts
Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.
reduction division
b.
cell splitting in two
c.
nuclear duplication
50. Mitosis
51. Meiosis
52. Binary fission
Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.
alleles switching chromosomes
b.
gametes
c.
increase in genetic variation
53. Sexual reproduction
54. Crossing over
55. Recombination
Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.
divergent courtship methods
b.
spatially separated
c.
incompatible copulatory organs
56. Habitat isolation
57. Anatomical isolation
58. Behavioral isolation
Match the phrase with the most closely associated name.
a.
binomial nomenclature
b.
speciation
c.
age of the earth
59. Charles Darwin
60. Charles Lyell
61. Carl Linnaeus
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
b.
Eukarya
c.
Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
62. Domain
63. Kingdom
64. Protists
Match the function with the most closely associated cell part.
a.
protects DNA
b.
energy powerhouse
c.
selects what enters the cell
d.
propels cell through liquids
65. Mitochondrion
66. Plasma membrane
67. Nucleus
68. Flagella
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
muscle
b.
biological catalysts
c.
semi-rigid body parts of animals
69. Enzymes
70. Structural proteins
71. Contractile proteins
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
Only populations
b.
Only individuals
c.
Individuals and populations
72. Random genetic change
73. Natural selection
74. Evolution
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
acts on organisms with disadvantages under existing environmental conditions
b.
affects generations that are better adapted to existing environmental conditions
c.
is unique
75. Random genetic change
76. Natural selection
77. Evolution
ESSAY
78. How did the work of Charles Lyell influence Charles Darwin, as he was forming his theory of
evolution by natural selection?
79. Briefly describe at least 4 levels of biological organization in organisms.
80. What is a gene? How are genes involved in the evolutionary process?
81. What processes gave rise to the reproductive isolation between Caribbean and Pacific marine
organisms on either side of Central America? Discuss both biotic and abiotic processes in your answer.
82. How are the processes of artificial selection and natural selection similar and how are they different?
83. Describe the four premises of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
84. In the context of population genetics, what is meant by the term “fitness?”
85. What are the shortcomings of the typological definition of species?
72 Chapter 5—Biological Concepts
86. Define and briefly describe Domains.
87. A marine biologist compares 2 samples of reef-building coral colonies collected from various locations
on a coral reef. One colony has thick, stout branches while the other has long, thin branches. Are these
different species? Discuss why or why not. How could the biologist solve this question?