Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece)
Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
1) You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out
a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you
then know is a true statement about this structure?
A) It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts.
B) The gland’s product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane.
C) The gland’s product is lipid soluble.
D) The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.
2) In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain
physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied
occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?
A) to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system
B) to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it
with an external electrical probe
C) to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily
studied
D) to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal
3) What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal
producing that signal?
A) neural
B) paracrine
C) neuroendocrine
D) pheromones
4) Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it,
the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone
is an example of _____.
I) an autocrine signal
II) a paracrine signal
III) an endocrine signal
A) only I and II
B) only II and III
C) only I and III
D) I, II, and III
5) Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from _____.
A) oligosaccharides
B) fatty acids
C) steroids
D) amino acids
6) Aspirin and ibuprofen both _____.
A) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
B) inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator
C) activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots
D) stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys
7) A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that
hormone’s _____.
A) secretory cell
B) endocrine cell
C) target cell
D) regulatory cell
8) The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the
body is that _____.
A) only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone
B) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors
C) it is unable to enter nontarget cells
D) nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect
9) Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because _____.
A) different target cells have different sets of genes
B) a target cell’s response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
C) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific
targets
D) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory
system
10) Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest
response by a cell would come from _____.
A) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
B) injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell
C) applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
D) injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the
cell
11) When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of
target cells, then _____.
A) the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms
B) the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein
C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones
activate effector proteins already present in the cell
D) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide
hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA
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12) Based on their effects, which pair below would NOT be expected to be active at the same
time and place?
A) prostaglandin and nitric oxide
B) endocrine and exocrine glands
C) hormones and target cells
D) neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters
13) The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____.
A) ecdysteroid
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) growth hormone
14) Growth factors are local regulators that _____.
A) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth
B) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division
C) bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells
D) convey messages between nerve cells
15) Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common _____.
A) the building blocks from which they are synthesized
B) their solubility in cell membranes
C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
D) their reliance on signal transduction in the cell
16) A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells
to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?
A) autocrine
B) paracrine
C) endocrine
D) neuroendocrine
17) If a portion of the pancreas is surgically removed from a rat and the rat subsequently loses its
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appetite, one explanation is that the removed portion contains cells that secrete a chemical signal
that somehow stimulates appetite. Given this scenario, what type of chemical signaling is
occurring?
A) autocrine
B) paracrine
C) endocrine
D) neuroendocrine
18) If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow
her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone?
I) The molecule is lipid soluble.
II) The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol.
III) The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced.
IV) The molecule uses a carrier protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood.
A) only I and III
B) only II and IV
C) only I, III, and IV
D) I, II, III, and IV
19) Which of the following are similar in structure to cholesterol?
A) leptin and serotonin
B) luteinizing hormone and insulin
C) melanocyte-stimulating hormone and vasopressin
D) testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol
20) Polypeptides can have which of the following types of effects?
I) autocrine
II) paracrine
III) endocrine
A) only I and III
B) only II and III
C) only I and II
D) I, II, and III
21) What property of steroid hormones allows them to cross the phospholipid bilayer?
A) Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer.
B) Steroid hormones can act in very small concentrations and very few molecules of steroids
need to cross the lipid bilayer.
C) Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced and very few molecules are
required to travel such a short distance to cross the lipid bilayer.
D) Steroid hormones act on the same cells in which they are produced and, therefore, are within
the cell they are acting upon.
22) Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes
reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in
the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from
the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are
induced by thyroxine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of
thyroxine?
A) There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue.
B) Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways.
C) Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine
receptors within the nucleus.
D) Different releasing hormones release thyroxine to different tissues.
23) When adenylyl cyclase is activated ________.
A) cAMP is created
B) cAMP is destroyed
C) G proteins bind to cAMP
D) steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer
24) Insect hormones and their receptors _____.
A) act independently of each other
B) are a focus in pest control research
C) utilize cell-surface receptors only
D) are active independently of environmental cues
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25) During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by
oxytocin. This is an example of _____.
A) a negative feedback system
B) a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone
C) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop
D) signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells
26) Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A) the pituitary gland
B) parathyroid glands
C) salivary glands
D) the pancreas
27) Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for twenty-four
hours would be expected to reveal high levels of _____.
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) gastrin
D) glucose
28) When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood, _____.
A) the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate
B) the liver catabolizes glycogen
C) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood
D) the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis
29) The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____.
A) ecdysteroid
B) glucagon
C) thyroxine
D) growth hormone
30) Which of the following statements are correct?
I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands.
IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
A) only II and III
B) only I and III
C) only III and IV
D) only I and IV
31) An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is _____.
A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance
B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses
32) The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of
_____.
A) an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems
B) competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor
C) how peptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones
D) homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones
33) Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____.
A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla oblongata
34) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt _____.
A) short-term memory
B) coordination during locomotion
C) executive functions, such as decision making
D) regulation of body temperature
35) The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent
in a _____.
A) steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex
B) neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
C) brain cell in the cerebral cortex
D) cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes
36) Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the _____.
A) hypothalamus and thalamus
B) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland
37) If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from
dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with
its target cells in the _____.
A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) bladder
D) kidney
38) A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is _____.
A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
39) In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release,
respectively, are _____.
A) prolactin and calcitonin
B) prolactin and oxytocin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin
40) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the _____.
A) hypothalamus
B) adenohypophysis
C) anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary
41) Which endocrine disorder is correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?
A) dwarfism — the adrenal cortex
B) gigantism — the anterior pituitary gland
C) goiter — the adrenal medulla
D) diabetes mellitus — the parathyroid glands
42) The body’s reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be
opposed by _____.
A) thyroxine
B) epinephrine
C) growth hormone
D) calcitonin
43) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose
iodine level is normal?
A) greater production of T3 than of T4
B) hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
44) When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. This suggests that antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) may be affected by alcohol consumption in some way. Which of the following
best accounts for the increase in urination?
A) Alcohol stimulates the release of ADH.
B) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
C) Alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron.
D) Alcohol could inhibit ADH release or the binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron.
45) Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on
bodily functions of an adult human?
A) adrenal glands
B) pituitary gland
C) thyroid gland
D) ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)
46) Glucocorticoids do which of the following?
A) promote the immune response
B) promote the release of fatty acids
C) increase blood glucose levels
D) increase insulin production
47) Nitric oxide and epinephrine _____.
A) both function as neurotransmitters
B) both function as steroid hormones
C) bind the same receptors
D) both cause a reduction in the blood levels of glucose
48) Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the _____.
A) parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate
B) anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function
C) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine
D) pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration
49) The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of _____.
A) epinephrine
B) steroid hormones
C) parathyroid hormone
D) acetylcholine
50) A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of
_____.
A) glucocorticoid hormones
B) epinephrine
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) acetylcholine
51) During a stressful interval, _____.
A) thyroid-stimulating hormaon (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete
acetylcholine
B) the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete
glucagon
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the
sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla
D) the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones,
epinephrine and norepinephrine
52) In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-
carbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone _____.
A) glucagon
B) cortisol
C) thyroxine
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
53) Melatonin is secreted by the_____.
A) hypothalamus during the day
B) pineal gland during the night
C) autonomic nervous system during the winter
D) posterior pituitary gland during the day
54) DES is called an “endocrine disrupting chemical” because it structurally resembles, and
interferes with, the endocrine secretions of the _____.
A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal medulla
C) ovaries
D) hypothalamus
55) Epinephrine is an example of _____.
A) an androgen
B) an estrogen
C) a catecholamine
D) a glucocorticoid
Group 1
Group 2
Daily injections of
progesterone (milligrams)
0.25
20
Percentage of rats that
carried fetus to birth
0
100
56) In an experiment, rats’ ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the
rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table above. The
results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the _____.
A) general health of the rat
B) metabolism of the uterus
C) gestation period of rats
D) number of eggs fertilized
57) People with type II diabetes mellitus have defective insulin receptors that cannot respond to
insulin properly. Relative to normal individuals, what would be the effect on blood glucose
levels under conditions of chronic stress that kept blood cortisol levels high? There would be
_____.
A) a greater increase in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in
normal individuals
B) less increase in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in
normal individuals
C) be a greater decrease in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than
in normal individuals
D) less decrease in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in
normal individuals
58) Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the
individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone
density. Which of the following would produce the greatest increase in bone calcium levels?
A) calcitonin injection
B) calcitonin receptor blocker
C) parathyroid hormone injection
D) glucagon receptor blocker
59) Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis.
A) increase in glucocorticoid production
B) increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
C) decrease in cortisol release
D) decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
60) Of the following types of molecules, which can function as both neurotransmitters and
hormones?
A) glucocorticoids
B) second messengers
C) catecholamines
D) adipocytes
61) Correct and appropriate signal transduction processes are generally under strong selective
pressure and are determined by the properties of the molecules involved, the concentrations of
signal and receptor molecules, and the binding affinities between signal and receptor. Therefore,
a hormone action is very specific in a species at any one point in time. However, there are
examples of very diverse functions of a specific hormone between groups of organisms. For
example, thyroxin, which is produced in all vertebrates and many invertebrates, can trigger
growth, differentiation, metamorphosis, maturation, reproduction, behavior, temperature
tolerance, osmoregulation, or seasonal adaptation depending on the organism in which it is
produced. What is the most logical explanation for such different responses triggered by thyroxin
in organisms?
A) The concentration of thyroxin varies in different organisms. Invertebrate organisms do not
have as much thyroxin as vertebrate organisms.
B) Thyroxin and its receptor molecules have a different binding affinity in different organisms.
C) Receptor molecules for thyroxin are located on different tissues in different organisms.
D) The structure of thyroxin is substantially different in different organisms.