Campbell Biology in Focus, 2e (Urry)
Chapter 36 Reproduction and Development
36.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows
A) all types of asexual reproduction.
B) all types of sexual reproduction.
C) fission.
D) fragmentation.
E) parthenogenesis.
2) One of the evolutionary “enigmas,” or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that
A) sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction.
B) only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.
C) asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety.
D) sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.
E) asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.
3) An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it
A) allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions.
B) enhances genetic variability in the species.
C) enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species.
D) produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens.
E) allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.
4) Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction
when
A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying.
B) a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations.
C) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation.
D) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings.
E) a species is in stable and favorable environments.
5) Sexual reproduction patterns include
A) fragmentation.
B) budding.
C) hermaphroditism.
D) parthenogenesis.
E) fission.
6) Sexual reproduction
A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing
environment.
C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing
habitats.
E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.
7) Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by
A) increasing organisms’ body temperature.
B) providing access to water for external fertilization.
C) increasing the ambient temperature to that which is comfortable for sexual reproduction.
D) causing direct effects on gonadal structures.
E) causing direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms.
8) Evidence that parthenogenetic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing
ancestors includes
A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate.
B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation.
C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid.
D) dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur.
E) a complete cycle of fragmentation and regeneration of female gonadal structures.
9) Like many other fishes, bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually.
However, unlike most fishes,
A) they also reproduce by fission.
B) they function without any signaling by steroid hormones.
C) they undergo a prolonged menopause during low tide.
D) their offspring can be either haploid or diploid.
E) large females morph into reproductively competent males.
10) Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?
A) sexual and asexual reproduction
B) external and internal fertilization
C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis
D) fission and budding
11) Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need all of the following
except
A) cooperative copulatory behavior.
B) sophisticated reproductive systems.
C) compatible reproductive systems.
D) a moist environment for spawning.
E) sperm.
12) In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal
fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that
A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species.
B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction.
C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental
investment.
D) it permits the most rapid population increase.
E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.
13) External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called
A) hormones.
B) pheromones.
C) paracrine signals.
D) cytokines.
E) gametes.
14) Springtails are a type of arthropod. Male springtails drop tiny beads of semen attached to
stalks. Females that are ready to reproduce search out these drops and take them into their genital
opening. This is an example of
A) external fertilization without copulation.
B) external fertilization with copulation.
C) internal fertilization without copulation.
D) internal fertilization with copulation.
15) Horseshoe crabs, genetically related to scorpions and spiders, are capable of only one type of
fertilization. Female horseshoe crabs dig a shallow hole near the ocean shoreline that can fill
with water. They then lay their eggs in that hole, and male horseshoe crabs mount the females
and deposit their sperm over the eggs. This is an example of
A) external fertilization without copulation.
B) external fertilization with copulation.
C) internal fertilization without copulation.
D) internal fertilization with copulation.
16) Why might scientists want to figure out how to change sexually reproducing plants that are
in high demand in agriculture into asexually reproducing plants?
A) Farmers would be able to harvest asexually producing plants in a more efficient manner
because asexual reproduction has lower energy costs than sexual reproduction.
B) Farmers who constantly have to buy new seeds for high-demand plants would have their seed
costs cut dramatically.
C) High-demand plants, such as beans and corn, will have higher taste quality in asexually
reproducing plants.
D) Asexually reproducing plants require less water and fertilizer than sexually reproducing
plants.
17) Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as a
A) specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males.
B) shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
C) region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females.
D) source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes.
E) gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.
18) Females of many insect species can store sperm in
A) their nests.
B) the abdominal tract.
C) the cloaca.
D) the uterus.
E) the spermathecae.
19) An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
A) the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte.
B) the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct.
C) the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct.
D) movement of the oocyte through the pulsating uterus into the oviduct.
E) peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles.
20) The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the
A) fallopian tube.
B) clitoris.
C) oviduct.
D) labia majora.
E) cervix.
21) Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue
include the
A) penis and clitoris.
B) vas deferens and oviduct.
C) testes and ovaries.
D) seminiferous tubules and hymen.
E) prostate and ovaries.
22) Sperm cells are stored within human males in the
A) urethra.
B) prostate.
C) epididymis.
D) seminal vesicles.
E) bulbourethral gland.
23) Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the
A) vas deferens.
B) urinary bladder.
C) seminal vesicle.
D) urethra.
E) ureter.
24) Human sperm cells first arise in the
A) prostate gland.
B) vas deferens.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) epididymis.
E) Sertoli cells.
25) The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely
A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced.
B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body.
C) greatly reduce the volume of semen.
D) enhance the fertilization potency of sperm in the uterus.
E) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity.
26) Most of the noncellular fluid in ejaculated human semen is composed of
A) the secretions of the seminiferous tubules.
B) the secretions of the bulbourethral glands.
C) the secretions of the seminal vesicles.
D) the secretions of the prostate gland.
E) anticoagulant enzymes.
27) Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (i.e., near the normal body core
temperature) and holding it there would
A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones.
B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis.
C) reduce the man’s sexual interest.
D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis.
E) have no effect on male reproductive processes.
28) In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that
A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during
embryonic development.
B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional
spermatozoon.
C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.
D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth.
E) spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed
by the time a girl is born.
29) Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they
A) have the same number of chromosomes.
B) are approximately the same size.
C) each have a flagellum that provides motility.
D) are produced from puberty until death.
E) are formed before birth.
30) A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is
an increase in the synthesis and secretion of
A) inhibin.
B) testosterone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.
E) progesterone.
31) In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become
A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.
B) a steroid-hormone-synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall.
D) swept into the fallopian tube.
E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.
32) Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the
A) sperm cells.
B) hypothalamus.
C) Leydig cells.
D) anterior pituitary gland.
E) seminiferous tubules.
33) During human heterosexual (mutual) excitement, vasocongestion occurs
A) only in the penis.
B) only in the testes.
C) only in the clitoris.
D) only in the upper vagina.
E) in the clitoris, vagina, and penis.
34) The moment of orgasm is characterized by
A) the ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
B) the release of sperm from the seminiferous tubules.
C) rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system.
D) increased synthesis and release of ovarian steroid hormones.
E) increased synthesis and release of testicular steroid hormones.
35) At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in
A) one secondary oocyte.
B) two primary oocytes.
C) four secondary oocytes.
D) four primary oocytes.
E) four zygotes.
36) A male’s “primary” sex characteristics include
A) deepening of the voice at puberty.
B) embryonic differentiation of the seminal vesicles.
C) growth of skeletal muscle.
D) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty.
E) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty.
37) Low levels of ________ may indicate that a woman’s ovaries are beginning to fail.
A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) luteinizing hormone (LH)
38) If a man is born with a blockage in his epididymis, he may experience
A) fragmentation.
B) low sperm count.
C) budding.
D) high sperm count.
39) A well-used method to determine if a tarantula (a spider) is male or female is to look at the
skin that the tarantula sheds. If the molt (shed skin) shows evidence of small organs that are used
to store sperm, one can determine that the specimen is a female. This particular organ is an
example of
A) an ovary.
B) an oviduct.
C) a blastocoel.
D) a blastospore.
E) a spermatheca.
40) The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that
A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed
endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body.
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual
cycles.
C) season and climate have less-pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual
cycles.
D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation
only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation.
E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.
41) At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine
tissues are called
A) menstruation.
B) lactation.
C) fertilization.
D) menopause.
E) ovulation.
42) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are
A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal.
B) follicular → luteal → secretory.
C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory.
D) follicular → ovulation → luteal.
E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.
43) In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are
A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal.
B) follicular → luteal → secretory.
C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory.
D) follicular → ovulation → luteal.
E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.
44) An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in
A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics.
B) the absence of pituitary gonadotropin hormones.
C) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy.
D) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium.
E) the absence of mammary gland development.
45) A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is
A) testosterone.
B) estradiol.
C) progesterone.
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
46) The primary function of the corpus luteum is to
A) nourish and protect the egg cell.
B) produce prolactin in the alveoli.
C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred.
D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands.
E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters.
47) For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of
progesterone is the
A) adrenal cortex.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) corpus luteum.
D) developing follicle.
E) placenta.
48) Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of
A) luteinizing hormone (LH).
B) testosterone.
C) inhibin.
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
E) estradiol.
49) Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is
A) luteinizing hormone (LH).
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
C) inhibin.
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
E) estradiol.
50) The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland
is
A) luteinizing hormone (LH).
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
C) inhibin.
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
E) estradiol.
51) The hormone progesterone is produced in the
A) pituitary and acts directly on the ovary.
B) uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.
C) ovary and acts directly on the uterus.
D) pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.
52) Menopause is characterized by
A) reduced synthesis of ovarian steroids despite high levels of gonadotropin hormones.
B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.
C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium.
D) an increase in the blood supply to the ovaries.
E) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain.
53) The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
is
A) luteinizing hormone (LH).
B) estradiol.
C) progesterone.
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
54) The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced by
A) inhibin.
B) luteinizing hormone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.
E) vasopressin.
55) What is a possible outcome of oligo-ovulation, a condition in which a woman has infrequent
or irregular menstrual cycles?
A) Ovulation does not occur on a regular basis.
B) Menopause does not occur.
C) Spermatogenesis in the woman’s male partner is not able to occur.
D) The hypothalamus becomes inhibited by high levels of estradiol.
56) A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) from the hypothalamus will
A) increase the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries.
B) initiate ovulation.
C) reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland.
D) stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
from the posterior pituitary gland.
E) increase the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.
57) For normal human fertilization to occur,
A) many ova must be released.
B) the uterus must be enlarged.
C) only one sperm need penetrate one egg.
D) secretion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) must
decrease.
E) the secondary oocyte must implant in the uterus.
58) Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the
A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) oviduct.
E) cervix.
59) What embryo-produced hormone maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the
corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy?
A) luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) progesterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
60) Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the
action of
A) inhibin.
B) luteinizing hormone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.
E) vasopressin.
61) In excreted urine, a reliable “marker” that a pregnancy has initiated is
A) progesterone.
B) estrogen.
C) follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) chorionic gonadotropin.
E) hypothalamic-releasing hormones.