Campbell Biology in Focus, 2e (Urry)
Chapter 34 Circulation and Gas Exchange
34.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as
A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.
B) facilitated diffusion to move oxygen into the salamander from the water.
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.
2) Circulatory systems compensate for
A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue.
B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances.
C) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system.
D) the need to cushion animals from trauma.
E) the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature.
3) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is
A) the intracellular fluid.
B) the blood plasma.
C) the cytosol.
D) the hemolymph.
4) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a
human’s lungs will cause
A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs.
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst.
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.
5) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds
the body’s cells are likely to have
A) an open circulatory system.
B) a closed circulatory system.
C) a gastrovascular cavity.
D) branched tracheae.
E) hemolymph.
6) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to
the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
A) annelids
B) molluscs
C) fishes
D) frogs
E) insects
7) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues
without first returning to the heart are the
A) amphibians.
B) birds.
C) fishes.
D) mammals.
E) reptiles.
8) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in
the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)
A) open circulatory system.
B) closed circulatory system.
C) lymphatic system.
D) two-chambered heart.
E) four-chambered heart.
9) Why has natural selection favored the evolution of double circulation in birds and mammals?
A) because they are larger than reptiles and amphibians
B) because they use more energy than equivalent-sized reptiles and amphibians
C) because they have more viscous blood than reptiles and amphibians
D) because they cannot obtain as much oxygen from the air as reptiles and amphibians
10) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
A) systole of the left atrium
B) diastole of the right ventricle
C) systole of the left ventricle
D) diastole of the right atrium
E) diastole of the left atrium
11) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in
the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass
through
A) one capillary bed.
B) two capillary beds.
C) three capillary beds.
D) four capillary beds.
E) five capillary beds.
12) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation
C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
13) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of
70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of
A) 500 mL/minute.
B) 1,000 mL/minute.
C) 1,750 mL/minute.
D) 2,800 mL/minute.
E) 4,800 mL/minute.
14) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
A) is a major contributor to heart attacks.
B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers.
C) would cause blood flow rate to increase.
D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.
15) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 60 cycles per minute, results in
a cardiac output of
A) 4.2 L/minute.
B) 4.2 mL/minute.
C) 0.42 L/minute.
D) 42 L/minute.
E) 420 L/minute.
16) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart
A) are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.
B) are found only on the right side of the heart.
C) are the attachment sites where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart.
D) are able to prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
E) are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.
17) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased
A) apolipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.
18) The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is
A) fully oxygenated blood.
B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added.
C) a lining of endothelial cells.
D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.
E) white blood cells and platelets.
19) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is
A) the arteries.
B) the arterioles.
C) the venules.
D) the capillaries.
E) the veins.
20) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is
A) the arteries.
B) the arterioles.
C) the venules.
D) the capillaries.
E) the veins.
21) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with
A) vasoconstriction.
B) vasodilation.
C) narrowing of the arteries.
D) a reduction in blood flow in that region.
E) a decreased amount of blood in the capillaries of that vascular bed.
22) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
A) mouse
B) rabbit
C) human
D) hippopotamus
E) giraffe
23) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with
A) increased activity of the immune system.
B) a broken limb.
C) blood sugar that is abnormally high.
D) dehydration.
E) sodium depletion.
24) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because
A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart
increases.
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output
than the right ventricle.
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of
the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
25) The blood pressure is lowest in the
A) aorta.
B) arteries.
C) arterioles.
D) capillaries.
E) superior vena cava.
26) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops
below the hydrostatic pressure, then
A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen.
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase.
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues.
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.
27) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a
capillary bed?
A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries
B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid
E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small
28) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be
A) an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart.
B) an animal with abundant lipid storage.
C) a species that has very wide-diameter veins.
D) an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.
E) an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.
29) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the
A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries.
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.
C) loss of fluid from capillaries.
D) increased diffusion of CO2.
E) increased diffusion of Hb.
30) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the
A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries.
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood.
C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets.
D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.
E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.
31) Dialysis is the process of filtering the blood; it is performed when kidney function is below
normal. During dialysis, plasma and its proteins are separated from the cells. Dialysis patients,
who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, and then replaced, are always weighed when they
enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because
A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood
pressure.
B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully.
C) dialysis removes blood proteins, and these weigh more than other blood components.
D) dialysis is likely to cause edema, and such swelling must be controlled.
E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.
32) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an
individual is
A) lying down after standing up.
B) eating a meal.
C) stressed and secreting stress hormones.
D) responding to increased blood pressure.
E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.
33) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is
A) 24 hours.
B) 1 week.
C) 1 month.
D) 4 months.
E) 80 years or more.
34) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this
hormone is synthesized are
A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively.
B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.
C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively.
D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively.
E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.
35) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?
A) fibrinogen only
B) hemoglobin only
C) fibrinogen and immunoglobulin only
D) hemoglobin and immunoglobulin only
E) fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin
36) The plasma proteins in humans
A) maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure.
B) transport water-soluble lipids.
C) carry out gas exchange.
D) undergo aerobic metabolism.
E) transport oxygen.
37) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
A) low-density lipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.
38) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is
A) epinephrine.
B) fibrin.
C) thrombin.
D) prothrombin.
E) collagen.
39) Which of the following can cause the LDL/HDL ratio to increase and thus increase the
likelihood of a myocardial infarction?
A) stopping smoking
B) eating more trans fats
C) exercising more
D) taking statin drugs
40) When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its
overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then the partial pressure of oxygen is
A) 400 mm Hg.
B) 82 mm Hg.
C) 40 mm Hg.
D) 21 mm Hg.
E) 4 mm Hg.
41) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates,
the pool becomes saltier, causing
A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content.
B) a decrease in its oxygen content.
C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms.
D) a decrease in the water’s density.
E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.
42) Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas-exchange surface because
A) they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well.
B) they live without the need for oxygen.
C) they do not produce carbon dioxide.
D) countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions.
E) nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.
43) What happens to pH and breathing rate during exercise?
A) pH decreases, which causes breathing rate to increase.
B) pH decreases, which causes breathing rate to decrease.
C) pH increases, which causes breathing rate to increase.
D) pH increases, which causes breathing rate to decrease.
44) The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath is called
A) residual volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) countercurrent exchange.
45) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in
the
A) trachea.
B) larynx.
C) bronchi.
D) bronchioles.
E) alveoli.
46) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with
lungs because
A) water is less dense than air.
B) water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.
C) gills have less surface area than lungs.
D) gills allow only unidirectional transport.
E) gills collapse in air.
47) Countercurrent exchange is evident in
A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.
B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae.
C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary
veins.
D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart.
E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end
of the same capillary.
48) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize
A) endocytosis.
B) blood pressure.
C) diffusion.
D) active transport.
E) osmosis.