Campbell Biology in Focus, 2e (Urry)
Chapter 26 The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi
26.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant
spores is to
A) lignin.
B) cellulose.
C) secondary compounds.
D) sporopollenin.
2) Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include
I. sporopollenin.
II. lignin.
III. chlorophyll a.
IV. cellulose.
V. chlorophyll b.
A) I, II, III, V only
B) I, III, IV, V only
C) III and IV only
D) II and IV only
3) According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should
feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?
A) unicellular green algae
B) charophytes
C) red algae
D) multicellular green algae
4) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated
organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the
organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the
ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The
presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land
plant?
A) sporopollenin
B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
C) flagellated sperm
D) embryos
5) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of
generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent
evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that
A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations.
E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of
alga.
6) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the “embryophytes”?
A) Viridiplantae
B) Plantae
C) Streptophyta
D) Bryophyta
7) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to
A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal.
B) reduce dehydration.
C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily.
D) repel toxic chemicals.
E) provide nutrients to spores.
8) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared
derived characteristics of the kingdom will include
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
2. chlorophylls a and b.
3. alternation of generations.
4. cell walls of cellulose.
5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin.
A) 1 and 5 only
B) 1, 2, and 3 only
C) 1, 3, and 5 only
D) 1, 4, and 5 only
E) 1, 2, 4, and 5 only
9) Challenges for survival of the first land plants include
I. sources of water.
II. sperm transfer.
III. desiccation.
IV. animal predation.
A) I only
B) II only
C) II, III and IV only
D) I, II and III only
10) Adaptations in plants to life on land include
I. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
II. cuticles.
III. tracheids.
IV. reduced gametophyte generation.
V. multicellular, dependent embryos.
A) I only
B) II and IV only
C) I, II, III and IV only
D) II, III, IV, and V only
11) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more
possible?
A) increase of the aboveground stem
B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients
C) increased absorption of CO2
D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots
E) increased stomata production
12) Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage.
B) In bryophytes, the dominant generation consists of haploid gametophytes.
C) Rhizoids protect gametes from excess water.
D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.
E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.
13) The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick.
Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such
appendages?
A) cuticle
B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
C) stomata
D) tracheids
14) Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the
gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what
is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?
A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes.
B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes.
C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes.
D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.
15) Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land?
A) a dominant gametophyte
B) the presence of photosystem II
C) a chitinous cuticle
D) a well-developed vascular system
E) an unbranched sporophyte
16) Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.
1. embryophytes
2. green plants
3. seedless vascular plants
4. ferns
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 3, 2, 1, 4
D) 1, 4, 2, 3
E) 2, 1, 4, 3
17) Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric
CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect
of doing which of the following?
1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues
2. decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues
3. countering the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis
4. reinforcing the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis
5. decreasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be
6. increasing the O2 content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be
A) 1, 3, and 5 only
B) 1, 3, and 6 only
C) 1, 4, and 5 only
D) 2, 3, and 6 only
E) 2, 4, and 5 only
18) Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that
was the common ancestor of the land plants?
A) early angiosperms
B) early bryophytes
C) early gymnosperms
D) early lycophytes
19) If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million
years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in
Earth’s terrestrial vegetation over this period?
1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes
2. a trend from no true leaves to microphylls to megaphylls
3. a trend from plants that grow just above the soil surface to “overtopping” plants
4. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems
A) 1 and 3 only
B) 3 and 4 only
C) 1, 2, and 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
20) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like
that of the seed coat?
A) sporophyll
B) male gametophyte
C) sporopollenin
D) stigma
E) sporangium
21) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a
and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the
following, if present, would be least useful?
A) endosperm
B) seeds
C) sperm that lack flagella
D) flowers
E) spores
22) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of
environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?
A) presence of “coal forests” and change in mode of nutrition
B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape
C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls
D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal
23) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which
group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been
removed?
A) plants
B) protists
C) prokaryotes
D) animals
E) mutualistic fungi
24) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most
likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?
A) chitin
B) fungal enzymes
C) increased oxygen levels
D) larger bacterial populations
25) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?
A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis.
B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere.
C) They have symbiotic relationships with nucleariids.
D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.
E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.
26) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are
I. composed of hyphae.
II. referred to as a mycelium.
III. usually underground.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
27) Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies?
A) plasmogamy
B) heterokaryotic
C) haploid
D) diploid
28) Which description applies equally well to fungal spores produced both sexually and
asexually?
I. They are typically dispersed by wind and water.
II. Spores that germinate produce new mycelium.
III. They are produced in large numbers.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) I, II, and III
29) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?
I. cells with a single haploid nucleus
II. heterokaryotic cells
III. cells with two diploid nuclei
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) I, II, and III
30) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell’s chromosome number
than does meiosis?
A) mitosis
B) plasmogamy
C) crossing over
D) binary fission
E) karyogamy
31) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers
sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping
a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in
this practice should be that the
A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
B) lichens growing on the vines’ branches are not harmed.
C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
32) Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living
between the cells in plant leaves?
A) pathogens
B) endosymbioses
C) endophytes
D) lichens
E) mycorrhizae
33) In which of the following plant groups does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the
gametophyte for nutrition?
A) bryophytes
B) monilophytes
C) gymnosperms
D) angiosperms
34) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its
anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with
tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and
no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
A) mosses.
B) charophytes.
C) ferns.
D) gymnosperms.
E) flowering plants.
35) You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you believe to be a
lycophyte or a monilophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the
correct classification of the plant?
A) whether or not it has true leaves
B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
C) whether or not it has seeds
D) its height
E) whether or not it has chlorophyll a
36) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?
A) mosses
B) liverworts
C) hornworts
D) gymnosperms
E) charophytes
37) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest
to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. spores
2. sporophytes
3. sporangia
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 3, 1, 2
D) 3, 2, 1
E) 2, 3, 1
38) If humans had been present to build house structures during the Carboniferous period, which
plant types would have been possible building materials?
A) whisk ferns and bryophytes
B) horsetails and charophytes
C) angiosperms and bryophytes
D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
E) ferns, angiosperms, and gymnosperms
39) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?
A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties.
B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous
period.
C) The sperm are non-flagellated.
D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
40) Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from
each other?
A) ferns
B) mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
C) charophytes
D) angiosperms
E) gymnosperms
41) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon
increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of
the likelihood of producing this pigment.
1. cells of sporangium
2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root
3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
4. cells of a gametophyte
A) 3, 4, 1, 2
B) 3, 4, 2, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 2, 1, 4
E) 3, 1, 2, 4
42) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these
plant traits originated.
1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
A) 1 → 2 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 1
C) 2 → 1 → 3
D) 3 → 2 → 1
E) 3 → 1 → 2
43) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
A) by nourishing the plants that make them
B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
44) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two
generations of the same angiosperm.
1. ovary
2. ovule
3. egg
4. carpel
A) 4, 2, 1, 3
B) 3, 1, 2, 4
C) 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 1, 4, 2, 3
E) 4, 1, 2, 3
45) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
A) ovule
B) ovary
C) fruit
D) stamen
46) Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?
A) stigma
B) style
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) micropyle
47) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is
unique to them and helps account for their success?
A) wind pollination
B) dominant gametophytes
C) fruits enclosing seeds
D) embryos enclosed within seed coats
E) sperm cells without flagella
48) Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?
A) Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation.
B) Carpels consist of an anther and a stamen.
C) Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes.
D) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.
E) Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia.
49) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to
produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to
produce these sperm cells?
A) binary fission
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) plasmogamy
50) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are
dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds
are dispersed by other means?
1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal’s
mouth.
3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH environments.
4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals’ digestive enzymes.
A) 4 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 3 and 5 only
E) 3, 4, and 5 only
51) Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?
A) immature ovules
B) pollen tubes
C) ovaries
D) stamens
E) sepals
52) Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?
A) The flower includes sporophyte tissue.
B) The gametophyte generation is dominant.
C) The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant.
D) The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic.
E) The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower.
53) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the
megasporangium of pine ovules?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
54) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
55) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the
integument of a pine seed?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
56) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen
tube?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
57) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels?
A) They are female reproductive parts.
B) None are capable of photosynthesis.
C) They are modified leaves.
D) They are found on flowers.
E) They are found on angiosperms.
58) Which structure protects seed plants’ embryos from desiccation?
A) ovules
B) ovaries
C) fruits
D) pollen grains
E) integuments
59) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest
structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
60) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?
1. pollen transported by wind
2. lignified xylem
3. microscopic gametophytes
4. endosperm
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 3 only
E) 1, 3, and 4 only
61) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
A) stigma
B) carpel
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) anthers