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Campbell Essential Biology, 6e (Simon/Dickey/Hogan/Reece)
Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration
Chapter 23 Learning Outcomes
23 Biology and Society: Avoiding “The Wall”
23.1. Explain what limits the speed and stamina of most endurance athletes.
23.1 Unifying Concepts of Animal Circulation
23.2. Describe the function and main components of animal circulatory systems, and compare
the structures of different types of circulatory systems.
23.2 The Human Cardiovascular System
23.3. Describe the path of blood as it makes one full circuit through the human body, including
the heart, and compare the function of each structure in enabling this circuit to be
completed.
23.4. Relate heart rate to blood pressure, explaining how they are controlled and how they are
measured.
23.5. Describe the components of blood, their functions, and how donation of these
components works.
23.6. Explain why it is better to “live high and train low” for some athletes.
23.7. Describe the causes, frequency, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular disease and
blood disorders.
23.3 Unifying Concepts of Animal Respiration
23.8. Explain why all working cells require a steady supply of oxygen and a way to dispose of
carbon dioxide, and how the four types of respiratory surfaces facilitate gas exchange.
23.4 The Human Respiratory System
23.9. Describe the three phases of gas exchange in humans, including the path of a breath of air
and how breathing is controlled.
23.10. Describe the functions of hemoglobin, and how different factors can interfere with
oxygen transport.
23.11. Explain how cigarette smoking affects public health.
23 Evolution Connection: Evolving Endurance
23.12. Explain how Tibetans are adapted to living at very high altitudes.
Global Learning Outcomes
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical-thinking skills.
3. Read and interpret models, graphs, and data.
4. Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in biology.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society.
6. Evaluate the credibility of scientific information from various sources.
7. Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across biology.
8. Communicate effectively in writing.
9. Apply the scientific method to interpret information and draw conclusions.
23.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Animals such as hydras and jellies can exchange gases directly with the environment by
________.
A) diffusion
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) bulk transport
2) In humans, oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by ________.
A) a closed circulatory system
B) an open circulatory system
C) diffusion
D) diffusion and facilitated diffusion
3) Which one of the following is a characteristic of open circulatory systems but NOT closed
circulatory systems?
A) a heart
B) a vascular system
C) blood
D) open-ended blood vessels
4) In animals with a closed circulatory system, gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of
________.
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
5) Veins carry ________.
A) blood away from the heart
B) oxygen-rich blood
C) oxygen-poor blood
D) blood toward the heart
6) How does a shark’s cardiovascular system differ from that of a mammal?
A) The shark’s heart does not directly pump oxygenated blood to the systemic tissues.
B) The shark’s heart receives both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
C) The shark’s circulatory system has a pulmonary and a systemic circuit.
D) The shark’s blood is pumped through open-ended tubes.
7) What is one way in which the cardiovascular system of a mammal is different than that of an
arthropod such as an insect?
A) The heart of the mammal pumps blood into arteries, while the insect heart does not.
B) Veins send blood to a mammal’s lungs, while insect veins send blood to the heart.
C) A mammal’s blood is always contained inside vessels, while an insect’s blood sometimes
leaves the vessels.
D) A mammal has a heart to pump blood, while an insect does not have a heart.
8) Trace the path of a red blood cell in a circuit that takes it from the capillary bed of the right
kidney to the capillary bed of the left kidney. Assume that you are doing this for an animal with a
double circulation system.
A) capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → right atrium → right ventricle →
pulmonary arteries → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle →
aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
B) capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → right atrium → right ventricle →
pulmonary veins → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary arteries → left atrium → left ventricle →
aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
C) capillary bed of right kidney → venules → veins → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary
arteries → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → right atrium → right ventricle → aorta →
arteries → arterioles → capillary bed of left kidney
D) capillary bed of right kidney → arterioles → arteries → aorta → right atrium → right
ventricle → pulmonary arteries → capillaries of lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left
ventricle → veins → venules → capillary bed of left kidney
9) Which of these animals has a double circulatory system?
A) fish
B) grasshopper
C) dog
D) hydra
10) Which of these carry(ies) oxygen-poor blood?
A) pulmonary arteries
B) pulmonary veins
C) aorta
D) left ventricle
11) A heart murmur occurs when there is a defect in ________.
A) a heart valve
B) the sinoatrial node
C) arterioles
D) the timing of the cardiac cycle
12) Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole?
A) The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.
B) The relaxation of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls.
C) The contraction of the heart during diastole decreases the blood pressure against arterial
walls.
D) More blood flows into the heart during systole than during diastole.
13) The basic rhythm of the heartbeat is set by the ________.
A) systolic pressure
B) EKG
C) sinoatrial node
D) “fight-or-flight” hormone
14) If your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that ________.
A) your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70
B) you have high blood pressure
C) you have low blood pressure
D) your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your heart rate is 70
15) Blood pressure that is consistently ________ or higher would indicate that you have
hypertension.
A) 120/80
B) 140/90
C) 110/85
D) 100/75
16) Which blood vessels have thin, leaky walls?
A) capillaries
B) venules
C) arteries
D) none of the above
17) Blood pressure is lowest in ________.
A) veins
B) capillaries
C) arterioles
D) venules
18) Heart Block is one type of electrical defect in the heart in which the electrical signal from the
sinoatrial node to the relay point is delayed. Predict the effect of Heart Block on the cardiac
cycle.
A) The atria relax for a shorter period of time.
B) The atria relax for a longer period of time.
C) The ventricles relax for a shorter period of time.
D) The ventricles relax for a longer period of time.
19) If you separated the components of blood and looked closely at only the plasma, you might
find ________.
A) white blood cells
B) red blood cells
C) hormones
D) platelets
20) As a consequence of red blood cells’ lack of nuclei and other organelles, they ________.
A) have more room to carry hemoglobin
B) have a small surface area
C) contain less hemoglobin than they might otherwise be able to carry
D) can carry more calcium
21) Which of the following can cause anemia?
I) bone marrow disease
II) iron deficiency
III) low number of white blood cells
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) I and II
22) When tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, the first thing that happens is ________.
A) erythrocytes release fibrin
B) leukocytes multiply
C) platelets convert fibrinogen to fibrin
D) platelets adhere to the damaged tissue
23) White blood cells play a particularly important role in ________.
A) fighting infections
B) supporting the activity of red blood cells
C) carrying carbon dioxide
D) blood clotting
24) Leukemia ________.
A) decreases the production of white blood cells
B) increases the production of red blood cells
C) is a cancer of the white blood cells
D) is a cancer that arises in the lungs
25) You increase your risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing your consumption of
________.
A) fruits and vegetables
B) red meats
C) products containing trans fats
D) tobacco products
26) The buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries results in ________.
A) leukemia
B) atherosclerosis
C) anemia
D) low blood pressure
27) Gas exchange requires a surface that is both ________.
A) durable and stiff
B) protected within the body and connected to the circulatory system
C) thin and moist
D) permeable to oxygen and impermeable to carbon dioxide
28) Earthworms use ________ as their respiratory surface.
A) lungs
B) gills
C) their skin
D) tracheae
29) What structure do lobsters use for gas exchange?
A) gills
B) lungs
C) skin
D) tracheae
30) Insects breathe using ________.
A) lungs
B) tracheae
C) their entire outer skin
D) book lungs
31) Animals need O2 because it ________.
A) plays a role in obtaining energy from food
B) helps animals synthesize proteins
C) is necessary to make CO2
D) is needed to deliver hemoglobin to the cells of an animal’s body
32) In a human, the ________ provide(s) a common passageway for both food and air.
A) bronchioles
B) trachea
C) pharynx
D) alveoli
33) What path does a molecule of O2 take from the nose to the respiratory surface?
A) pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus
B) larynx → pharynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus
C) pharynx → larynx → bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus → trachea
D) pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchiole → bronchus → alveolus
34) In the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs across the cells of the ________.
A) diaphragm
B) trachea
C) bronchi
D) alveoli
35) Together, inhalation and exhalation are referred to as ________.
A) diffusion
B) breathing
C) active transport
D) negative pressure
36) Breathing is regulated by ________.
A) the diaphragm and chest muscles
B) the spinal cord
C) the circulatory system
D) control centers in the brain stem
37) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the
urge to breathe again?
A) rising carbon monoxide level
B) rising carbon dioxide level
C) falling carbon monoxide level
D) rising carbon dioxide level and falling carbon monoxide level
38) Oxygen is transported through the body mostly ________.
A) dissolved in the blood
B) dissolved in red blood cells
C) bound to hemoglobin
D) bound to dissolved iron