Chapter 19—Harvesting the Ocean’s Resources
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Fish and shellfish account for what percentage of total protein consumed by the human population?
a.
6
b.
16
c.
26
d.
36
e.
56
2. Increased technology that has led to more captured fish include:
a.
giant factory ships.
b.
radar.
c.
aircraft.
d.
underwater video surveillance cameras.
e.
both a and c
3. For each ton of fishery caught and fed to animals only about ____ lbs. is available for human
consumption.
a.
400
b.
300
c.
200
d.
100
e.
50
4. Fish and shellfish resources are considered:
a.
inexhaustible.
b.
finite.
c.
renewable.
d.
transferable.
e.
inorganic.
5. Fishery biologists primarily rely on data collected by
a.
fishery landings.
b.
independent population studies.
c.
carefully designed experiments.
d.
astrological charts.
e.
the military.
6. Separate populations are called:
a.
schools.
b.
aggregates.
c.
stocks.
d.
clusters.
e.
races.
7. Fish are tagged or evaluated with molecular markers to:
a.
determine population distribution.
b.
promote catch and release.
c.
establish fishery composition.
d.
promote fishery strategies.
e.
immunize them against disease.
8. To understand the population structure biologists conduct studies to determine all below except
a.
population size.
b.
age.
c.
ocean conditions.
d.
sex ratios.
e.
growth rate.
9. Fishery landings are an important source of:
a.
catch data.
b.
size data.
c.
effort data.
d.
all the above
10. Fishery effort combined with catch data is used to
a.
determine if a fishery is in jeopardy.
b.
determine the pay rate for fishers.
c.
determine the economic value of a fishery.
d.
estimate the ocean’s productivity.
11. When fishery effort increases and catch remains stable or decreases
a.
fishers need to find alternative methods to catch fish.
b.
fishers simply need to relocate to another patch.
c.
the abundance of the fish is declining.
d.
costs remain high.
e.
the size of fish caught tends to increase.
12. The potential yield
a.
is how many fish can be caught in a year.
b.
is an estimate of the amount of profit fishers can expect.
c.
is an estimate of the number of pounds of fish or shellfish that may be harvested per year.
d.
is an estimate of the profit from fish or shellfish that may be harvested per year.
13. Traditionally, fisheries management has generally focused on
a.
single species management.
b.
multi-species management.
c.
poly-culture.
d.
aquaculture.
e.
creation of marine reserves.
14. At least 60% of the ____ most valuable fish species are overfished or fished to the limit.
a.
30.
b.
100.
c.
150.
d.
200.
e.
400
15. Trawl fishing
a.
is used for catching pelagic fish.
b.
is responsible for overfishing tuna.
c.
is responsible for damaging bottom habitat.
d.
has significantly increased the abundance of fisheries.
e.
is environmentally sustainable.
16. Fishing populations to low levels can cause a species to
a.
relocate to distant locations.
b.
migrate out of the area.
c.
switch their prey items.
d.
become ecologically extinct.
e.
increase its reproductive rate.
17. A decrease in relative abundance of a species can lead to
a.
an increase in predator avoidance.
b.
replacement species.
c.
a change in ecosystem structure.
d.
rapid growth in the depressed population.
e.
greater ecosystem stability.
18. Fishing gear that modifies the environment can lead to
a.
increased complexity of the trophic food web.
b.
loss of necessary habitat for target and non-target species.
c.
improvement in habitat productivity.
d.
increased species diversity in the habitat.
e.
Fishing gear has been improved to prevent habitat problems.
19. The dominant physical resources from the sea are:
a.
magnesium and iron.
b.
salt and water.
c.
gold and copper.
d.
sulfides and manganese.
e.
gold and oxygen.
20. In warm areas, salt is extracted from seawater by:
a.
evaporation.
b.
freezing.
c.
reverse osmosis.
d.
chemical methods.
e.
filtration.
21. All of the following are minerals commonly obtained from the seawater except:
a.
manganese.
b.
bromine.
c.
gold.
d.
sulfides.
e.
chlorides.
22. Tin is commonly found:
a.
in coastal sediments.
b.
in oceanic sediments.
c.
dissolved in seawater.
d.
in manganese nodules.
e.
at the bottom of trenches.
23. Coal is predominantly composed of the remains of:
a.
multicellular animals.
b.
phytoplankton.
c.
fungi.
d.
multicellular plants.
e.
gelatinous zooplankton.
24. Oil and natural gas are predominantly composed of the remains of
a.
multicellular animals.
b.
phytoplankton.
c.
fungi.
d.
multicellular plants.
e.
gelatinous zooplankton.
25. The majority of energy resources taken from the sea are in the form of:
a.
coal.
b.
energy from tides.
c.
gas and oil.
d.
energy from waves.
e.
thermal energy.
26. The exclusive economic zone encompasses the area from the shore out to:
a.
3 miles.
b.
12 miles.
c.
20 miles.
d.
100 miles.
e.
200 miles.
27. Enforcement of regulations in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States falls upon:
a.
the Department of Defense.
b.
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration.
c.
the Coast Guard.
d.
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Agency.
e.
the Navy.
28. Feeding fisheries catch to livestock is an inefficient way of distributing food resources because:
a.
higher level predators are being fed to grazers.
b.
cows cannot digest fish.
c.
grazers are being fed to predators.
d.
fish are a poor source of protein.
e.
the trend is towards increasing human consumption of fish
29. Anchovies are an efficient fish to catch because they:
a.
are grazers.
b.
are filter feeders.
c.
travel in large dense schools.
d.
are small fish.
e.
swim quickly.
30. The major reasons for the decline of the Peruvian anchovy fishery were:
a.
pollution and El Niño.
b.
political discord and pollution.
c.
pollution and overfishing.
d.
temperature decreases and El Niño.
e.
overfishing and El Niño.
31. Salmon fisheries are located in the coastal waters of:
a.
Alaska.
b.
New England.
c.
the Pacific Northwest.
d.
China.
e.
both a and c
32. Tuna are captured commercially using:
a.
traps.
b.
purse seines.
c.
fishing poles.
d.
beach seines.
e.
bottom trawlers.
33. Toxic red tides are especially harmful to the ____ fishery.
a.
redfish
b.
tuna
c.
salmon
d.
shellfish
e.
squid.
34. A relatively new product made from Alaska pollock is called:
a.
surimi.
b.
fish fillets.
c.
bottom fish.
d.
round fish.
e.
Krab.
35. Consumers of fish and fish products can promote sustainable fisheries by
a.
purchasing fish at the lowest cost.
b.
not buying monkfish, orange roughy, and Atlantic salmon.
c.
making wise purchasing decisions.
d.
both b and c
36. In tropical areas about ____% of the mangroves remain.
a.
5
b.
10
c.
15
d.
35
e.
50
37. When mangroves and seagrasses are reduced or damaged all occur except:
a.
coastal erosion.
b.
reduction of productivity.
c.
reduced nursery grounds.
d.
increased primary production.
e.
increased sedimentation from land sources transported onto offshore coral reefs.
38. Incidental catch refers to:
a.
catch above a given quota.
b.
illegal fish catch.
c.
catch of noncommercial fish species.
d.
catch of endangered species.
e.
all the fish caught on a particular day.
39. When non-target species are caught they are called:
a.
excess fish.
b.
undesirable species.
c.
ineffective fishing.
d.
incidental catch.
e.
secondary catch.
40. Drift nets are fishing devices with an
a.
average length of 40 to 50 meters and are 7 meters in depth.
b.
average length of 10 to 15 meters and are 5 meters in depth.
c.
average length of 50 to 70 meters and are 10 meters in depth.
d.
average length of over 100 meters and are 20 meters in depth.
41. Drift nets
a.
are an important piece of fishery gear.
b.
have limited application in fisheries.
c.
have been banned internationally since 1992.
d.
are used only in the high seas.
e.
are environmentally sound.
42. For each pound of shrimp caught in the American fishery, how many pounds of other fish are
discarded from the catch?
a.
2 pounds.
b.
5 pounds.
c.
10 pounds.
d.
15 pounds.
e.
25 pounds.
43. Aquaculture currently can raise all except:
a.
shrimp.
b.
swordfish.
c.
clams.
d.
oysters.
e.
salmon.
44. Some of the problems with aquaculture include all except
a.
converting productive habitat into less productive aquaculture.
b.
large amounts of fish meal and protein needed to raise biomass.
c.
pesticides and antibiotics in the tissues.
d.
increased shrimp for the restaurant trade.
e.
localized environmental degradation.
45. The raising of more than one species of fish in a fish farming operation is called:
a.
monoculture.
b.
mariculture.
c.
polyculture.
d.
aquaculture.
e.
multiculture.
TRUE/FALSE
46. Water obtained from seawater desalination is much cheaper than water pumped from the ground.
47. Manganese nodules are actively mined from the sea today.
48. Desalination plants are currently in operation in several countries, providing inexpensive water for
agricultural purposes.
49. Increases in fishing effort have led to a proportional increase in fisheries yield.
50. The technique of “backing down” the purse seine net decrease the number of dolphins caught in it.
51. Even though the U.S. tuna fishing industry is actively trying to avoid catching dolphins, there is still a
big dolphin catch by foreign tuna fishers.
52. The majority of animals caught in shrimp trawls are the shrimp themselves.
53. Drift nets are allowed to float overnight in open ocean areas.
54. An understanding of the biology of marine animals is needed in order to implement adequate
management of marine fisheries.
55. Compared to the Asian fisheries industry, the U.S. fishing industry efficiently utilizes almost all of the
fish catch and almost all parts of a fish.
MATCHING
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
oil and gas
b.
renewable resources
c.
non-renewable resources
56. Sustainable resources
57. Oil and coal
58. Resources derived from microorganisms
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
annual yield without being exploited
b.
maximize yield over several years
c.
reproductively isolated
59. Stocks
60. Potential yield
281 Chapter 19—Harvesting the Ocean’s Resources
61. Sustainable yield
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
protects turtles
b.
deaths of marine mammals and seabirds
c.
drags on the bottom, damaging benthic habitat
d.
destroys mangrove habitat
62. Drift nets
63. Trawling
64. TEDS
65. Shrimp/prawn farms
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
hatchery reared juveniles
b.
carp and mullet ponds in Israel
c.
Atlantic salmon pens
66. Monoculture
67. Polyculture
68. Ocean ranching
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
decomposition with cold water
b.
plant origin
c.
microorganism origin
69. Coal
70. Oil
71. Methane hydrate
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
allows dolphins to escape
b.
dragged on seafloor
c.
surface net that encircles schools of fish
d.
hatcheries
72. Purse seine
73. Trawl
74. Backing down
75. Ocean ranching
Match the words with the most closely associated term.
a.
no longer fulfills role in ecosystem
b.
reduces species abundance
c.
removal of large fish over time will affect this
76. Genetics
77. Ecologically extinct
78. Habitat destruction
Match the fish with the word denoting whether conscientious consumers should purchase it.
a.
mahi-mahi
b.
salmon-natural caught
c.
farmed Atlantic salmon
79. Best choice
80. Caution
81. Avoid
ESSAY
82. How is salt extracted from the sea?
283 Chapter 19—Harvesting the Ocean’s Resources
83. What problems are associated with desalination?
84. Most fossil fuels mined from the sea are mined in coastal areas that make up part of the continental
shelf. Very little exploration for fossil fuels is done in the deep sea. What are some reasons for this?
85. Describe at least 3 effects of mangrove destruction on marine habitats.
86. Describe the impact of the incidental catch of the U.S. trawl fishery on marine ecosystems.
284 Chapter 19—Harvesting the Ocean’s Resources
87. How could the decline of the population of anchovies off Peru preclude a future rebound in this
population in and of itself even if, in the future, there was enough food in the water to support the
growth of large populations of anchovies?
88. Give an example of how knowledge of the biology and life history of a particular fishery could help in
the management of that fishery?