Chapter 18—Life in the Ocean’s Depths
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. All of the following apply to the deep sea except:
a.
temperatures vary greatly in deep waters.
b.
pressures are very high.
c.
light is dim or nonexistent.
d.
the water is extremely cold.
2. Hydrostatic pressure within the oceans increases one atmosphere with every ____ meter increase in
depth.
a.
1
b.
5
c.
10
d.
100
e.
200
3. The hydrostatic pressure within deep sea organisms is:
a.
more than the surrounding pressure.
b.
equal but opposite force.
c.
equal and same force.
d.
less than the surrounding pressure.
4. The density of cold water at great depths is
a.
lower than surface waters.
b.
similar to the surface waters.
c.
higher than the surface waters.
d.
always the same throughout the water column.
e.
variable, depending on latitude.
5. The density of the organisms living at great depths is about:
a.
the same as the surrounding density.
b.
greater than the surrounding density.
c.
less than the surrounding density.
6. Deep ocean organisms expend little energy to stay afloat because
a.
they have air bladders.
b.
they have a high oil content.
c.
of their small size.
d.
they are the same density as the surrounding environment.
e.
their metabolism is high.
7. All the following are major factors that affect animals living in the deep ocean except:
a.
light.
b.
temperature.
c.
salinity.
d.
pressure.
8. The abiotic factor that has had the greatest evolutionary effects on deep-sea animals is:
a.
low temperatures.
b.
high pressure.
c.
low nutrients.
d.
lack of light.
e.
varying salinity.
9. The main source of light in the deep sea is:
a.
the sun.
b.
bioluminescence.
c.
underwater volcanoes.
d.
dinoflagellates.
e.
anglerfish.
10. Bioluminescence occurs as a result of
a.
luminescent organs.
b.
symbiotic bacteria.
c.
conversion of protein luciferin into light energy
d.
both a and b
e.
both b and c
11. All of the following are involved in light production of bioluminescent bacteria except:
a.
luciferin.
b.
luciferase.
c.
cellulose.
d.
oxygen.
12. In the twilight zone (150-450 meters) bioluminescence is primarily used for
a.
mate selection.
b.
detecting prey.
c.
locating prey.
d.
countershading.
e.
species recognition.
13. Bioluminescence of deep-sea animals may be used for all of the following except:
a.
attraction of prey.
b.
detection and identification of mates.
c.
countershading.
d.
photosynthesis.
e.
startling a predator.
14. A male fish that uses bright lights at the top of its tail fins to identify itself to females when breeding is
a type of:
a.
an anglerfish.
b.
a lanternfish.
c.
an opossum shrimp.
d.
a viperfish.
e.
a gulper eel.
15. Organisms that use bioluminescence to attract prey are the:
a.
hatchetfish.
b.
anglerfish.
c.
stomiatoid fish
d.
a and b
e.
b and c
16. Many deep-sea fishes have tubular eyes with
a.
a single large retina.
b.
two retinas.
c.
multiple retinas.
d.
no retina.
e.
compound eyes.
17. At the deepest depths many animals find prey by relying on
a.
tactile senses.
b.
chemical stimuli.
c.
large eyes.
d.
both a and b
e.
both b and c
18. Male anglerfish often attach to the female so they can
a.
utilize the female’s increased ability to find prey.
b.
utilize the female’s increased predator avoidance.
c.
provide sperm to fertilize eggs.
d.
avoid being eaten by the female.
e.
obtain growth hormones from her bloodstream.
19. Deep-sea fish with large mouths use this adaptation to:
a.
take chucks of meat off of larger predators probing the deep ocean in search of food.
b.
threaten other competitors.
c.
swallow almost anything that comes their way.
d.
store their large teeth.
e.
filter-feed on plankton.
20. All of the following are major components of the deep sea food web except:
a.
detritus.
b.
nocturnal vertical migration to feed near the surface.
c.
larger predators feeding on the small deep sea organisms.
d.
photosynthesis.
e.
scavenging.
21. The base of the food web in the deep sea is:
a.
phytoplankton.
b.
algae.
c.
seagrasses.
d.
sinking dead matter.
e.
viruses.
22. The major predators of giant squid are:
a.
gulper eels.
b.
sperm whales.
c.
giant octopus.
d.
vampire squid.
e.
viper fish.
23. The giant squids of the deep sea remain a mystery because we lack knowledge of:
a.
what they feed on.
b.
their exact size.
c.
their distribution.
d.
their anatomy.
e.
the identity of their predators.
24. A possible reason for deep-sea gigantism is:
a.
the long life of these animals, compared with shallow-water relatives.
b.
the healthy diet of these animals.
c.
the high pressure of these waters.
d.
the lack of predators, which means longer life and larger size.
e.
the high metabolism of deep sea animals.
25. Evolutionary biologists find the deep sea interesting because
a.
of the unusual environmental conditions.
b.
of the abundance of organisms.
c.
the environment has remained stable for 100 million years.
d.
the environment is constantly changing due to continental drift.
26. Of the belemnites thought to be extinct, the Challenger Expedition discovered the living fossil genus:
a.
Spirula.
b.
Latimeria.
c.
Neopilina.
d.
Calyptegena.
27. The vampire squid was placed in the order Vampyromorpha on account of:
a.
it has ten arms, but looks like an octopus.
b.
it appears to drift rather than actively swim.
c.
it has tentacles that can be coiled up.
d.
all the above
28. An ancient fish that has provided insight into the evolution of tetrapods is the
a.
laternfish.
b.
tripod fish.
c.
coelacanth.
d.
redmouth whale fish.
e.
gulper eel.
29. The limpet-like Neopilina was thought to be extinct for over
a.
100 million years.
b.
175 million years.
c.
250 million years.
d.
350 million years.
e.
1 billion years.
30. The limpet-like Neopilina‘s ancestors may have led to the following modern groups except:
a.
gastropods.
b.
chitons.
c.
bivalves.
d.
cephalopods.
31. The limiting factor for deep-sea benthic organisms is:
a.
high pressure.
b.
low temperature.
c.
available food.
d.
darkness.
e.
strong current flow.
32. Deep-sea bivalves differ from their surface relatives by using their siphons to:
a.
detect the presence of nearby prey items.
b.
detect the presence of nearby predators.
c.
vacuum up food.
d.
both a and b
33. The deep-sea soft-bottom food chain is: ____.
a.
infauna → meiofauna → bacteria
b.
bacteria → meiofauna → infauna
c.
meiofauna → bacteria → infauna
d.
meiofauna → infauna → bacteria
34. Diversity refers to:
a.
the abundance of species.
b.
the biomass of organisms.
c.
the abundance and biomass of organisms.
d.
the number of species.
e.
the number of individuals of a species.
35. Diversity is considered high in the deep sea due to:
a.
low dispersal of juveniles leading to speciation.
b.
stability and old age of benthic environments.
c.
high infaunal abundance.
d.
combined low dispersal and long-term stability of the benthic environment.
36. White smokers produce a fluid rich in:
a.
copper sulfide.
b.
iron sulfide.
c.
zinc sulfide.
d.
magnesium sulfide.
e.
sodium chloride.
37. Black smokers produce a fluid rich in:
a.
copper sulfides.
b.
iron sulfides.
c.
zinc sulfides.
d.
magnesium sulfides.
e.
sodium chloride.
38. Chemosynthetic bacteria can oxidize
a.
magnesium sulfide.
b.
copper sulfide.
c.
hydrogen sulfide.
d.
oxygen sulfide.
e.
zinc sulfide.
39. The base of the food web of deep-sea vent communities are:
a.
chemosynthetic bacteria.
b.
cyanobacteria.
c.
dinoflagellates.
d.
deep-sea algae.
e.
benthic diatoms.
40. Primary consumers of the vent communities include all except
a.
clams.
b.
fish.
c.
mussels.
d.
worms.
e.
shrimp.
41. The bivalves and worms have red flesh due to presence of:
a.
pigments absorbed from their prey items.
b.
hemoglobin.
c.
chromatophores.
d.
pigments similar to other deep-sea organisms due to a lack of light.
e.
structural colors for camouflage.
42. Symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria obtain oxygen from their hosts through:
a.
hemoglobin.
b.
myoglobin.
c.
sulfide-binding proteins.
d.
luciferin.
e.
breaking down cellulose.
TRUE/FALSE
43. The deep sea is characterized by being a very unstable environment.
44. The eyes of many deep-sea fishes are tubular.
45. Deep-sea vent communities are associated with volcanic ridges on the seafloor and cold-water seeps.
46. Larvae of hydrothermal vent animals may aid in the dispersal of these animals.
47. Vestimentiferan worms filter feed on nearby suspended chemosynthetic bacteria.
48. Vestimentiferan worms lack digestive tissues.
49. Vampire squid are actually octopuses.
50. The disphotic zone is the deepest part of the world’s oceans.
51. Photophores of deep-sea fishes may harbor symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria.
52. Below the disphotic zone countershading takes on added importance.
MATCHING
Match the use of bioluminescence with its most closely associated species.
a.
attract prey
b.
confuse predator
c.
mate selection
53. Laternfish
54. Anglerfish
55. Opossum shrimp
Match the location with the most closely associated project/vessel that made the discovery of deep–sea
life.
a.
Philippine Trench
b.
Challenger Deep
c.
depths below the photic zone
56. Transatlantic cable
57. Galathea
58. Trieste
Match the eye characteristic with the most closely associated depth.
a.
tiny, only slightly functional
b.
small and less functional
c.
large – tubular
59. Twilight zone
60. Deep-sea
61. Deepest regions
Match the food capture mechanism with the most closely associated species.
a.
curved, fanglike teeth; chin barbel
b.
dorsal spine lure, vacuum ingestion
c.
hinged jaws, expandable stomach
62. Gulper eels
63. Stomiatoids
64. Anglerfish
Match the characteristic with the most closely associated diversity component.
a.
number of individuals
b.
number of species
c.
how long a community persists
65. Diversity
66. Abundance
67. Stability
Match the term with the most closely associated manned deep diving device.
a.
bathyscaphe
b.
ROV
c.
manned submersible
68. Alvin
69. Trieste
70. JASON II
Match the tropic level with the most closely associated vent community species.
a.
primary consumers
b.
primary producers
c.
secondary consumers
71. Bacteria
72. Vestimentiferan worms
73. Crabs
ESSAY
74. Why did the British naturalist Edward Forbes conclude that animal life could not exist in the sea below
a depth of 55 meters?
75. What physical features characterize the deep sea? Describe three factors.
76. Why do disphotic zone fishes exhibit countershading but not fishes that live in deeper waters?
77. Describe at least 3 functions of bioluminescence in deep-sea fishes.
78. How do animals living in the deep sea tolerate the high pressure and low temperature of these depths?
79. Why is it necessary for males of some species of anglerfish to parasitize the females?
80. Describe at least 3 adaptations of deep-sea fishes for improving feeding efficiency.
81. Describe what is known about the lifespan of hydrothermal vent communities and how organisms may
have adapted to these factors.
82. Describe why many vent animals that house chemosynthetic bacteria are not harmed by the sulfide
compounds in their blood, which normally would be toxic to these animals.