157 Chapter 11—Reptiles and Birds
Chapter 11—Reptiles and Birds
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. All the following are adaptations of reptiles both on land and in the ocean except:
a.
improved circulatory system over the fishes.
b.
very efficient kidneys.
c.
scale-covered skin without glands.
d.
dark bodies.
2. Which of the following is not generally considered to have contributed to the success of reptiles on
land and in the sea?
a.
amniotic egg
b.
skin covered by scales
c.
specialized copulatory organs
d.
ventral nerve cord
e.
efficient kidneys
3. The amniotic egg evolved ____ years ago.
a.
1 billion
b.
650 million
c.
340 million
d.
240 million
e.
25 million
4. The chorion of amniotic eggs functions in:
a.
supply of food.
b.
removal of wastes.
c.
gas exchange.
d.
protection of the egg.
e.
absorbing toxins.
5. Which sea turtle can tolerate cold temperatures?
a.
Leatherback
b.
Kemp’s ridley
c.
Green
d.
Hawksbill
e.
Loggerhead
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6. In marine turtles, excess salts are removed by:
a.
salt glands in the tongue.
b.
salt glands above the eyes.
c.
concentrated urine.
d.
salt glands on the skin.
e.
salt glands in the nose.
7. Which turtle has a diet of seagrass?
a.
Kemp’s ridley
b.
Leatherback
c.
Hawksbill
d.
Green sea turtle
e.
Loggerhead
8. All of the following are major points of the article Endangered Sea Turtles except:
a.
Leatherback population in Pacific may go extinct before 2010.
b.
TED nets decreased turtle drowning rate.
c.
Records show declining numbers of turtles returning to nest on Central American beaches.
d.
All countries now use TEDs to fish for shrimp.
9. Which sea turtle has a diet of jellyfish?
a.
Hawksbill
b.
Leatherback
c.
Green sea turtle
d.
Flatback sea turtle
10. Sea turtle social behavior is primarily:
a.
small family groups.
b.
formation of hunting groups.
c.
solitary.
d.
schooling.
e.
harems.
11. The crocodile best adapted to a marine lifestyle is:
a.
the Asian saltwater crocodile.
b.
the American crocodile.
c.
the alligator.
d.
the Nile crocodile.
e.
the caiman.
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12. In marine crocodiles excess salts are removed by:
a.
salt glands in the tongue.
b.
salt glands above the eyes.
c.
concentrated urine.
d.
salt glands on the skin.
e.
salt glands in the nose.
13. A marine reptile found only on the Galapagos Islands is:
a.
the sea snake.
b.
the marine crocodile.
c.
the marine iguana.
d.
the flatback sea turtle.
e.
the Galapagos skink.
14. An adaptation of the marine iguana for cold water is
a.
rete marible to keep exchange heat.
b.
blubber to keep heat in.
c.
dark skin to absorb the sun’s heating radiation.
d.
increased metabolism.
15. Marine iguanas feed mostly on:
a.
mussels.
b.
epibenthic invertebrates.
c.
small fish.
d.
algae.
e.
infaunal invertebrates.
16. All of the following are adaptations of sea snakes to a marine existence except:
a.
trachea acting as accessory lung.
b.
gas exchange across their skin.
c.
oviparous reproduction.
d.
lower metabolic rate during submergence.
e.
flattened paddle tail.
17. Sea snakes usually feed on
a.
algae.
b.
jellyfish.
c.
infaunal invertebrates.
d.
small fishes.
e.
epibenthic invertebrates.
160 Chapter 11—Reptiles and Birds
18. Which is not a unique adaptation of sea snakes for marine life?
a.
nostrils high on the head
b.
reduced or absent scales
c.
laterally compressed tail
d.
loss of limbs
19. The birds are:
a.
stenotherms.
b.
eurytherms.
c.
homeotherms.
d.
poikilotherms.
e.
ectotherms.
20. In marine birds, excess salts are removed by:
a.
salt glands in the tongue.
b.
salt glands above the eyes.
c.
concentrated urine.
d.
salt glands on the skin.
e.
salt glands in the mouth.
21. Tubenoses include:
a.
pelicans.
b.
gulls.
c.
terns.
d.
albatrosses.
e.
puffins.
22. The oystercatcher is a member of the:
a.
gulls.
b.
tubenoses.
c.
shorebirds.
d.
pelicans.
e.
albatrosses.
23. A common short, plump, shore bird with a worldwide distribution is the:
a.
turnstone.
b.
pelican.
c.
avocet.
d.
plover.
e.
puffin.
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24. The heron is a stalking bird with the following characteristics:
a.
skinny legs, long necks, pincer type bill.
b.
flightless, plump body, parrot-like beak.
c.
plump body, pigeon-like beak.
d.
short neck, upturned bill.
e.
shovel-shaped bill, plump body, webbed feet.
25. A seabird that has adapted very well to humans is the:
a.
gull.
b.
tern.
c.
frigate bird.
d.
penguin.
e.
puffin.
26. The seabirds with an ecological role similar to land-based hawks, falcons, and vultures are the:
a.
gulls and terns.
b.
skuas and jaegers.
c.
avocets and sandpipers.
d.
curlews and turnstones.
e.
eiders and puffins.
27. Birds that prey by attracting small fish and shrimp to the surface are called:
a.
plovers.
b.
turnstones.
c.
skimmers.
d.
curlews.
e.
sandpipers.
28. Birds that are known to eat the chicks of other birds and even their own chicks are:
a.
avocets.
b.
terns.
c.
curlews.
d.
gulls.
e.
penguins.
29. Birds that have long narrow bills used for eating bivalves and other invertebrates are:
a.
gulls.
b.
pelicans.
c.
shore birds.
d.
tubenoses.
e.
skuas and jaegers.
30. Gulls feed mostly by
a.
capturing small fish.
b.
eating algae.
c.
probing for small prey in the mud.
d.
scavenging.
e.
dive bombing onto schools of fish
31. Herons and egrets are members of the:
a.
gulls.
b.
tubenoses.
c.
shorebirds.
d.
pelicans.
e.
duck family.
32. Terns, skuas and jaegers are all related to the ____ group.
a.
gull
b.
pelican
c.
tubenose
d.
penguin
e.
shorebird
33. The ecological equivalent of penguins in the Northern Hemisphere is:
a.
the heron.
b.
the auk.
c.
the skimmer.
d.
the black-necked stilt.
e.
the tern.
34. The alcid species hunted to extinction was the:
a.
common auk.
b.
great puffin.
c.
common murre.
d.
great auk.
e.
great skua.
35. The stomach of which one of the following birds contains a gland that produces a foul smelling,
yellow colored oil?
a.
pelicans
b.
gulls
c.
terns
d.
albatrosses
e.
oystercatcher
36. A structure found within penguins that is used for storing food for feeding the young is called the:
a.
crop.
b.
salt gland.
c.
gular pouch.
d.
amnion.
e.
cloaca.
37. Birds that spend most of their time aloft at sea are:
a.
skuas.
b.
gulls.
c.
albatrosses.
d.
pelicans.
e.
puffins.
38. Birds in which the lower bill protrudes much farther than the upper bill are
a.
jaegers.
b.
skimmers.
c.
puffins.
d.
penguins.
e.
herons.
39. Birds that catch their prey by plunge diving into the water from the air are:
a.
skimmers.
b.
cormorants.
c.
terns.
d.
penguins.
e.
avocets.
40. Birds that pursue their prey underwater are:
a.
gulls.
b.
pelicans.
c.
penguins.
d.
stilts.
e.
plovers.
41. Buoyancy in pelicans is achieved by:
a.
subcutaneous air sacs.
b.
fatty tissue.
c.
low density tissues.
d.
long feathery appendages.
e.
storing wax and oils.
42. In general, birds increase the chance their young will survive by
a.
providing parental care of the young.
b.
selecting nesting sites away from predators.
c.
being oviparous.
d.
both a and b
e.
both b and c.
43. Birds that crash into the water and scoop up fish in the gular pouch are called:
a.
stilts.
b.
tubenoses.
c.
pelicans.
d.
albatross.
e.
skimmers.
44. Birds that dive into the water from a height of 18 to 30 meters are called:
a.
pelicans.
b.
albatross.
c.
tubenoses.
d.
boobies.
e.
puffins.
45. A very agile seabird used in Japan to help catch fish is called:
a.
a stilt.
b.
a albatross.
c.
a cormorant.
d.
a gull.
e.
an oystercatcher.
46. A bird with no oil to protect its feathers from water, that soars for hours at sea, is called:
a.
a frigatebird.
b.
an albatross.
c.
a gull.
d.
a petrel.
e.
a sea duck..
47. Frigatebirds have been observed to pirate food by:
a.
perching on feeding pelicans and then stealing fish.
b.
beating and jostling boobies in flight, forcing them to regurgitate their food – then seizing
it.
c.
preying on other birds.
d.
both a and b.
e.
both b and c.
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48. The bird with the largest wings, also a marine bird, is called the:
a.
frigate bird.
b.
pelican.
c.
albatross.
d.
gull.
e.
cormorant.
49. An interesting feeding behavior of the Wilson’s storm petrel is
a.
plunging to great depths into the ocean in search of food.
b.
using their feet to paddle just below the water’s surface so they appear to be walking on
the surface.
c.
catching a clam and then dropping it over rocks to break it up.
d.
stealing eggs from nesting birds while the parents are sitting on the eggs.
e.
skimming over the water surface with its beak partially immersed.
50. The birds that are most highly adapted to marine life are the:
a.
tubenoses.
b.
gulls.
c.
penguins.
d.
pelicans.
e.
sandpipers.
51. Penguins are preyed on by:
a.
leopard seals and killer whales.
b.
narwhales.
c.
sperm whales.
d.
jaegers.
e.
frigate birds.
TRUE/FALSE
52. In reptiles, the circulatory system of the lungs is nearly completely separate from the circulatory
system of the rest of the body.
53. Reptiles are very efficient in conserving water during excretion.
54. Marine turtles mate at sea but lay their eggs on land.
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55. Sea snakes are valued for their exotic skins.
56. Birds are considered homeothermic.
57. Seabirds produce concentrated urine to remove salts from their bodies.
58. The tube-nose of tubenoses may be used as a means of enhancing their ability to smell, or to discern
strength of air currents.
59. Penguins are only found in the Northern Hemisphere.
60. Most seabirds are ovoviviparous.
61. In emperor penguins, the mother incubates the egg during the Antarctic winter while the father roams
in search of food.
MATCHING
Match the words with those they are most closely associated with.
a.
disposal of waste
b.
embryo containing sac
c.
gas exchange
62. Chorion
63. Allantois
64. Amnion
Match the food preference with the species.
a.
Conches, clams, crabs
b.
Jellyfish
c.
Seagrasses
d.
Sponges
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65. Leatherback Sea Turtle
66. Green Sea Turtle
67. Loggerhead Sea Turtle
68. Hawksbill Sea Turtle
Match the distribution with the type of reptile.
a.
Worldwide in tropics and subtropics
b.
Galapagos Islands
c.
Coastlines in Australia, India, Asia
d.
Tropical Indo-Pacific
69. Saltwater Crocodile
70. Sea Turtles
71. Marine Iguana
72. Sea Snakes
Match the nesting site characteristic with the most closely associated bird group.
a.
nest close to shore
b.
protected areas on land
c.
nest away from shore
73. Shorebird
74. Gulls
75. Tubenoses
Match the birds with their primary diet.
a.
fish, jellyfish and squid
b.
krill and fish
c.
fish
76. Pelicans
77. Frigatebirds
78. Penguins
168 Chapter 11—Reptiles and Birds
Match the food preference with the species.
a.
Invertebrates and seaweeds
b.
Sponges
c.
Invertebrates and fish
d.
Jellyfish
79. Hawksbill
80. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle
81. Flatback Sea Turtle
82. Leatherback Sea Turtle
Match the feature with the most closely associated animals.
a.
Four-chambered heart
b.
Plastron
c.
Lost limbs
d.
Gular pouch
83. Turtles
84. Birds
85. Snakes
86. Pelicans
Match the reproductive characteristic with the most closely associated animal group.
a.
buries eggs in beach sand
b.
all but three species are viviparous at sea
c.
nest builder on land
87. Saltwater Crocodile
88. Sea Turtles
89. Sea Snakes
Match the feeding strategy with the seabird.
a.
Aerial pursuit
b.
Pursuit diving underwater with feet as propulsion
c.
Surface plunging
d.
Pursuit diving underwater with wings as propulsion
90. Pelicans
91. Frigate Birds
92. Cormorants
93. Puffins
Match the feeding strategy with the seabird.
a.
Clam dropping
b.
Surface plunging
c.
Pursuit diving with wings
d.
Aerial pursuit and robbing other birds
94. Boobies
95. Penguins
96. Gulls
97. Jaeger
ESSAY
98. What reproductive characteristics allowed the formation of an egg with a leathery shell?
99. Contrast how turtles and crocodiles rid themselves of salts obtained through their diets.
100. What are 3 human activities that negatively affect sea turtle survival?
101. Outline at least 3 of the causes that have led to all the sea turtles being listed as endangered species.
102. Many sea snakes have adapted to a completely marine existence. What are 3 adaptations of sea snakes
that have allowed this lifestyle?
103. What are 3 adaptations of penguins for living in the sea?
104. Reptiles and birds differ from amphibians in that they lack a free larval stage. What adaptation allowed
the elimination of this stage?
105. Describe 2 adaptations of sea turtles that allow them to live in the marine environment. How are these
turtles different from land turtles?
106. Describe at least 2 ways that marine iguanas differ from the green iguanas of South American forests.
107. Compare the worldwide distribution of seabirds to that of marine reptiles. Which is more widely
distributed at all latitudes? Why do you think this is so?
108. Penguins and alcids are ecological equivalents. Describe what is meant by ecological equivalency and
explain why you think it may arise.
172 Chapter 11—Reptiles and Birds
109. List 4 of the most common seabird feeding methods and give examples of birds that utilize each
method.
110. The diversity of birds is reflected in their feeding mechanisms and locations. Shorebirds, for example,
include birds with different length and shape of beaks, length of legs, and food and shore location
preference. Describe an evolutionary process that could lead to the observed diversity.