140 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes
Chapter 10—Marine Fishes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The earliest fish are represented today by:
a.
hagfish.
b.
lamprey.
c.
sharks.
d.
both a and b.
e.
both b and c.
2. What characteristic does not describe a vertebrate?
a.
notochord.
b.
backbone.
c.
exoskeleton.
d.
gills or lungs.
e.
posterior tail.
3. The feeding mode of hagfishes is considered:
a.
predation.
b.
scavenging.
c.
suspension feeding.
d.
both a and b.
e.
b and c only.
4. Hagfish are caught commercially for their
a.
oil.
b.
mucus.
c.
meat.
d.
hide.
e.
scales.
5. A defense mechanism of hagfish is ____.
a.
to tie into a knot to prevent them from being swallowed.
b.
foul odor.
c.
abundant mucus.
d.
detection by the semicircular canals followed by avoidance.
e.
a sharp fin spine.
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6. The feeding mode of adult lampreys is considered:
a.
parasitism.
b.
scavenging.
c.
predation.
d.
grazing.
e.
filter feeding.
7. Ammocoetes, the larval forms of lampreys, feed:
a.
on suspended particles.
b.
on other fishes.
c.
on benthic deposits.
d.
by parasitizing other fish.
8. The largest known fish is:
a.
the blue whale.
b.
the whale shark.
c.
the megamouth shark.
d.
the great white shark.
e.
the humpback whale.
9. The skin of sharks is covered with scales called:
a.
placoid.
b.
cycloid.
c.
ctenoid.
d.
ganoid.
e.
circular.
10. The forward thrust of swimming sharks is created by:
a.
the pectoral fins.
b.
the pelvic fins.
c.
the dorsal fin.
d.
the caudal fin.
e.
the anal fin.
11. A fish in which a sharp spine is associated with the dorsal fins is the:
a.
spiny dogfish.
b.
sea bass.
c.
hagfish.
d.
sea horse.
e.
goldfish.
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12. The claspers of cartilaginous fishes are used for:
a.
clasping onto prey.
b.
clasping onto the sediment.
c.
reproduction.
d.
propulsion.
e.
balance.
13. Sharks obtain neutral buoyancy by producing an oil called:
a.
buoyancy.
b.
squalene.
c.
Omega-3.
d.
fish oil.
e.
ambergris.
14. Squalene is produced by the ____ of sharks.
a.
kidneys
b.
heart
c.
livers
d.
muscle
e.
gall bladder
15. The majority of a shark’s brain is devoted to processing signals of:
a.
touch.
b.
olfaction.
c.
taste.
d.
electricity.
e.
vision.
16. About 2/3 of a shark’s brain is used for:
a.
control of body movement.
b.
processing electrical currents from the water.
c.
olfaction.
d.
vision.
e.
processing water pressure differences.
17. The nictitating membrane of sharks is used to:
a.
protect the gills.
b.
line the mouth.
c.
enclose the internal organs.
d.
detect smells.
e.
cover the eye.
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18. Neuromast cells are associated with the ____ of sharks.
a.
eyes
b.
lateral line
c.
nostrils
d.
brain
e.
ampullae
19. The neuromast cells are part of the system to
a.
process light.
b.
sense electrical currents in the water.
c.
control balance.
d.
detect vibrations.
e.
detect dissolved chemicals.
20. The ampullae of Lorenzini are specialized organs for detecting ____ that are found in sharks.
a.
smells
b.
vibrations of the water
c.
tastes
d.
electrical output
e.
water pressure
21. The spiral valve is a specialized structure found within:
a.
bony fishes.
b.
sharks.
c.
sea turtles.
d.
lampreys.
e.
sea birds.
22. The rectal gland of sharks is involved in the excretion of:
a.
urea.
b.
sodium chloride.
c.
calcium and magnesium.
d.
trimethyamine oxide.
e.
carbon dioxide.
23. The kidneys of sharks excrete ions of:
a.
urea.
b.
salts.
c.
calcium and magnesium.
d.
trimethyamine oxide.
e.
ammonia.
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24. A shark reproduction scheme in which the embryos develop within eggs that supply all their
nourishment inside the oviduct of the female is called:
a.
ovoviviparous.
b.
viviparous.
c.
spawning.
d.
oviparous.
25. Which of the following is not a measure to avoid a shark attack?
a.
Swimming where people, fish and/or blood are in the water
b.
Swimming at night, dusk or in murky water
c.
Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish
d.
Avoid splashing or wearing shiny jewelry
26. Unique features of skates and rays are their
a.
gill slits.
b.
adipose tissues.
c.
flat bodies.
d.
spiracles.
e.
countershaded bodies.
27. The forward thrust of swimming stingrays is created by:
a.
the pectoral fins.
b.
the pelvic fins.
c.
the dorsal fin.
d.
the caudal fin.
e.
the anal fin.
28. The spiracle in conjunction with a ventral gill in skates and rays is an adaptation that allows them to:
a.
be nekton.
b.
have a bottom existence.
c.
position their mouth ventrally.
d.
avoid detection by predators.
e.
filter feed on plankton.
29. Most skates are:
a.
ovoviviparous.
b.
oviparous.
c.
live bearers.
d.
viviparous.
e.
broadcast spawners.
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30. The toxins of stingrays are destroyed with hot water, therefore they are a type of:
a.
protein.
b.
carbohydrate.
c.
fat.
d.
lipid.
e.
DNA.
31. A first aid for stingray injury is:
a.
place the injured area in cold water or apply ice packs.
b.
pour ammonia over the injured area.
c.
place the injured area in hot water.
d.
apply MSG to the injured area.
e.
urinate onto the wound.
32. The subclass of Chondrichthyes with an operculum is called:
a.
sharks.
b.
skates.
c.
rays.
d.
chimaeras.
e.
hagfish.
33. A bony fish that lives in the marine environment that was once thought to be extinct is the:
a.
coelacanth.
b.
African lung fish.
c.
sturgeon fish.
d.
mud skipper.
e.
puffer fish.
34. The coelacanth gave rise to the ____.
a.
ray-finned fish
b.
chimaeras
c.
tetrapods
d.
dogfish
e.
lungfish.
35. The skin of the subclass Chondrosti is covered with scales called:
a.
placoid.
b.
cycloid.
c.
stenoid.
d.
ganoid.
e.
rhomboid.
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36. Tails that have equally sized upper and lower lobes are called:
a.
heterocercal.
b.
ganoid.
c.
cycloid.
d.
homocercal.
e.
ctenoid.
37. Fishes that are very active swimmers have a ____ body.
a.
fusiform
b.
laterally compressed
c.
globular
d.
flattened
e.
dorso-ventrally compressed
38. Fishes that exhibit a sedentary lifestyle have ____ bodies.
a.
fusiform
b.
laterally compressed
c.
globular
d.
flattened
e.
streamlined
39. The following are all main points of the section Adaptations to Extreme Cold except:
a.
90% of fish biomass in Antarctic seas belongs to a single species of fish.
b.
sugar and protein molecules in fish cells prevent fish from freezing
c.
some Antarctic fish lack hemoglobin in their blood.
d.
some Antarctic fish lack red blood cells.
e.
global warming may place these fish in danger of extinction.
40. Utilizing pigments for camouflage is common in ____ fishes.
a.
benthic
b.
tuna
c.
pelagic
d.
reef
e.
angler
41. Which of the following is not a camouflage device?
a.
chromatophores
b.
iridophores
c.
thigmotaxis
d.
obliterative countershading
42. Countershading is a common form of camouflage in ____ fishes.
a.
coral reef
b.
eel grass bed
c.
pelagic
d.
deep sea
43. Which of the following does not use a swim bladder to regulate buoyancy?
a.
mackerel
b.
sea bass
c.
grouper
d.
sheepshead
e.
butterfly fish
44. Snappers swim by:
a.
flexing only the area before the caudal fin.
b.
flexing only the posterior portion of the body.
c.
using only their fins.
d.
undulating the entire body.
45. Which function below is not performed by the gills of bony fishes?
a.
extract nutrients from the water
b.
extract oxygen form the water
c.
eliminate carbon dioxide from their body
d.
aid in osmoregulation
46. Most sodium chloride is excreted from marine bony fishes through:
a.
the kidneys.
b.
the gills.
c.
salt glands.
d.
the feces.
e.
diffusion.
47. The mechanism for gas exchange in the gills includes:
a.
chloride cells.
b.
rete mirable.
c.
countercurrent multiplier system.
d.
swim bladder inflation.
e.
hormonal controls.
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48. The following are all main points about toxic fish poisoning except:
a.
ciguatera poisoning is not usually fatal.
b.
ciguatera is due to blooms of dinoflagellates.
c.
puffer fish poisoning can be fatal.
d.
there are safe and effective antidotes for ciguatera poisoning.
49. The gill rakers of anchovies are modified for:
a.
respiration.
b.
excretion of salts.
c.
filtering plankton.
d.
crushing their fish prey.
e.
detecting vibrations in the water column.
50. The sucker of clingfishes is modified from:
a.
the mouth.
b.
the pectoral fins.
c.
a disc on top of the head.
d.
the pelvic fins.
e.
the first dorsal fin.
51. Deoxygenated blood is initially collected by the:
a.
dorsal aorta.
b.
sinus venosus.
c.
atrium.
d.
bulbus arteriosus.
e.
vena cava.
52. Bony fish usually do not need to adjust pupil size because:
a.
their eyelids protect their eyes from bright light.
b.
the quantity of light is relatively low.
c.
they can move their lens forward and backward.
d.
a in conjunction with c
53. The nervous system of fish includes:
a.
olfactory pits.
b.
taste receptors.
c.
eyes.
d.
otoliths.
e.
all of the above.
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54. The lateral line is part of the system to
a.
process light.
b.
sense electrical currents in the water.
c.
control balance.
d.
detect vibrations.
e.
detect dissolved substances.
55. The majority of bony fishes show the ____ reproductive strategy.
a.
viviparous
b.
oviparous
c.
internal fertilization
d.
ovoviviparous
56. Fishes that reproduce in fresh water and migrate out to sea as adults are considered:
a.
catadromous.
b.
anadromous.
c.
polyandrous.
d.
polygynous.
e.
demersal.
57. ____ are good examples of catadromous fishes.
a.
Lampreys
b.
Salmon
c.
Freshwater eels
d.
Hagfish
e.
Sea horses
TRUE/FALSE
58. The skeletons of both hagfish and sharks are made of the same cartilaginous material.
59. The reproductive biology of hagfishes is well understood.
60. Sharks are positively buoyant in seawater.
61. The eyes of sharks are designed for optimal color vision.
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62. Fertilization is internal in sharks.
63. The annual risk of death from lighting is 47 times the risk of death from shark attack.
64. The discharge of the electric organ of electric rays delivers up to 220 volts.
65. The fins of bony fishes are more maneuverable than those of cartilaginous fishes.
66. Fast moving fishes tend to propel themselves by undulating their entire bodies.
67. Marine bony fishes have blood that is just as salty as seawater.
68. Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell.
69. The eyes of fishes are adapted for black and white vision.
70. Most bony fishes swallow their prey whole rather than chew it.
MATCHING
Match the animal with the swimming method it is most closely associated with.
a.
moving caudal fin side-to-side
b.
wave travels along the edge of pectoral fins
c.
pectoral fins flap up and down
d.
eel-like undulation of body
71. Skate
72. Ray
73. Shark
74. Lamprey
Match the body form with its most closely associated species.
a.
flattened
b.
snakelike bodies
c.
fusiform
d.
globular
75. Tuna
76. Flounder
77. Pufferfish
78. Moray eels
Match the reproductive type of sharks with its characteristic.
a.
development in mother’s uterus without an egg
b.
egg released outside of body
c.
egg hatched in mothers uterus
79. Oviviparity
80. Ovoviparity
81. Viviparity
Match the word with the one it is most closely associated with.
a.
iridophores
b.
chromataphores
c.
obliterative
82. Pigments
83. Structural Colors
84. Countershading
Match the words with the terms they are most closely associated with.
a.
blend with environment
b.
aposematic
c.
vertical lines/eyestripes
85. Disruptive coloration
86. Cryptic coloration
87. Bright colors
Match the swimming type with the appropriate type of fish.
a.
only the area before the caudal fin is flexed
b.
flexing only the posterior portion of the body
c.
undulating the entire body
88. Eels
89. Swift swimmers
90. Body is encased in a rigid dermal skeleton
Match the osmoregulatory function with the most closely associated organ.
a.
Excretion of magnesium sulfate
b.
Removal of most excess salt
c.
Magnesium, calcium and sulfate ions eliminated
d.
Retained in the body fluids of sharks
91. Chloride cell
92. Kidney
93. Gut
94. Urea
Match the swim bladder filling mechanism with the appropriate term.
a.
gulping air and “spitting it out”
b.
gas gland
95. Herrings and eels
96. Gases diffused into blood
Match the fish with its feeding type.
a.
Anchovies
b.
Grouper
c.
Surgeonfish
d.
Hagfish
97. Carnivore
98. Herbivore
99. Filter Feeder
100. Scavenger
153 Chapter 10—Marine Fishes
Match the hermaphroditism with the appropriate term.
a.
Changing from females to males
b.
Having both male and female gonads simultaneously
c.
Changing from males to females
d.
Changing from one sex to another
101. Synchronous
102. Protogyny
103. Protandry
104. Sequential
ESSAY
105. Explain how hagfish are still able to consume their dead or dying prey, even though hagfish lack jaws.
106. Even though the caudal fin of sharks tends to direct the fish downward when swimming (due to slight
downward force generated by the heterocercal tail) the shark still manages to swim at a fairly
consistent depth. Explain how can this be so.
107. Compare a shark and a bony fish in regard to how they maintain buoyancy.
108. How are the eyes of sharks well adapted to the environment in which they live?
109. How can sharks use their ampullae of Lorenzini to discern between healthy and injured prey items?
110. Compare sharks and bony fishes in regard to how they ingest their food. In your answer, discuss how
both the position of the mouth and the presence of a gill cover confers a feeding advantage to bony fish
111. How does the spiral valve within the shark intestine increase the efficiency of food digestion?
112. How do marine biologists know that sharks and bony fishes evolved in freshwater but then later
migrated to the marine environment?
113. Outline how bony fish regulate their osmotic balance lower than the salinity of the surrounding
seawater.
114. What are 3 adaptations of skates and rays for living on the bottom? Contrast these adaptations to those
of the bony flatfishes such as halibut.
115. What are 2 pieces of anatomical evidence that lead ichthyologists to consider that sturgeons are a fairly
old group of fishes?
116. Most bony fishes are considered to be much more efficient at maneuvering than cartilaginous fishes.
Explain why this is so and how it arose.
117. Seasonal migration is common among marine fisheries. Describe the types and indicate the primary
causes of migration.
118. What advantage does bright coloration confer upon venomous fishes?
119. How does human activity drastically affect the reproductive success of salmon?