1 Chapter 1—Science and Marine Biology
Chapter 1—Science and Marine Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What percentage of the surface of the earth is covered by seawater?
a.
46%
b.
55%
c.
64%
d.
71%
e.
83%
2. Oceans are important in all but the following ways:
a.
solar-powered engines that drive weather patterns.
b.
provide a substantial amount of the world’s food supply.
c.
marine organisms are important for scientific research.
d.
a direct source of fresh water for arid lands.
e.
a source of industrial and medicinal materials.
3. Oceanography is the study of:
a.
the living organisms that inhabit the sea.
b.
the oceans and their phenomena.
c.
the oceans and living organisms.
d.
the chemical makeup of the oceans.
e.
the interactions of marine organisms with their environment.
4. Marine biology is the study of:
a.
the living organisms that inhabit the sea.
b.
the oceans and their phenomena.
c.
the oceans and living organisms.
d.
the chemical makeup of the oceans.
e.
biogeochemical processes.
5. The most complete scientific picture of the oceans comes from:
a.
thorough oceanographic studies.
b.
thorough marine biology studies.
c.
combining oceanography and marine biology information.
d.
having ocean usage policies.
e.
the popular media.
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6. Knowledge of the ocean can come from all except:
a.
robotics.
b.
ocean law.
c.
deep submersibles.
d.
SCUBA studies.
e.
computers and new technologies.
7. The earliest recorded direct studies of marine biology are attributed to:
a.
the Greeks.
b.
the Catholic Church.
c.
Arabian philosophers.
d.
Micronesian mariners.
e.
the Chinese.
8. The following marine biologist was aboard the HMS Beagle in 1831:
a.
Edward Forbes.
b.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
c.
Alexander Agassiz.
d.
Charles Darwin.
e.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
9. Charles Darwin’s observations while aboard the HMS Beagle led eventually to the:
a.
idea that life started on land.
b.
theory that life’s origin was in fresh water.
c.
theory for the process that causes evolution.
d.
re-birth of marine biology.
e.
idea that life could not survive in the deep sea.
10. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution based on data he collected during:
a.
the Beagle expedition.
b.
the Challenger expedition.
c.
the observations of Agassiz.
d.
Alvin’s dives.
e.
his time spent on the rocky coastline of England.
11. Darwin produced a well respected monograph on:
a.
mussels.
b.
sea lizards.
c.
Galapagos turtles.
d.
barnacles.
e.
marine fossils.
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12. To Edward Forbes is attributed the idea that:
a.
life could not survive in the deep ocean.
b.
life occurs throughout the ocean depths.
c.
continents drift upon the earth’s mantle.
d.
the mid-Atlantic rift ridge is a result of continental drift.
e.
“dead zones” occur in oxygen-depleted coastal waters.
13. That the deep sea could not support life was proven wrong when:
a.
Alvin was able to explore the ocean depths.
b.
the observations from the Challenger expedition were reported.
c.
organisms were discovered while repairing the transatlantic telegraph cable.
d.
the development and use of robotic submersibles began.
e.
living organisms were found in the Gulf of Mexico dead zone.
14. Modern oceanography and marine biology were attributed to:
a.
the voyage of the Beagle.
b.
the discoveries of Alvin.
c.
the laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable.
d.
expeditions of Alexander Agassiz.
e.
the Challenger expedition.
15. The chief scientist on the HMS Challenger expedition was:
a.
Charles Darwin.
b.
Victor Hensen.
c.
Alexander Aggasiz.
d.
Charles Wyville Thomas.
e.
Edward Forbes.
16. The preeminent American naturalist of the late 1800s was
a.
Charles Darwin.
b.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
c.
Victor Hensen.
d.
Alexander Agassiz.
e.
Edward Forbes.
17. To Alexander Agassiz are attributed the following theories except:
a.
colors of organisms were related to the absorption of different wavelengths of light at
different depths.
b.
that the Caribbean and Pacific Oceans were once connected.
c.
that atolls form atop sinking mountains.
d.
none of the above
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18. The phrase “Study nature, not books” is attributed to:
a.
Louis Agassiz.
b.
Alexander Agassiz.
c.
Charles Darwin.
d.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
e.
Aristotle.
19. The first marine biology laboratory was:
a.
the Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
b.
the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
c.
the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Research.
d.
the Friday Harbor Laboratories.
e.
the Duke University Marine Laboratory.
20. The first United States Marine Biological Laboratory was started by:
a.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
b.
Sir Alistair Hardy.
c.
Charles Darwin.
d.
Louis Agassiz.
e.
Alexander Agassiz.
21. Which United States marine science center is not on the Pacific Coast?
a.
Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
b.
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.
c.
Duke University Marine Laboratory.
d.
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute.
22. Important United States marine laboratories on the Atlantic Coast include all except:
a.
Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory.
b.
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.
c.
Duke University Marine Laboratory.
d.
Friday Harbor Laboratory.
e.
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute.
23. The classic book The Open Sea: Its Natural History was written by:
a.
Fridtjof Nanson.
b.
Sir Alistair Hardy.
c.
Alexander Agassiz.
d.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
e.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
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24. An early marine biology expedition to the North Pole was led by:
a.
Sir Alistair Hardy.
b.
Alexander Agassiz.
c.
Fridtjof Nanson.
d.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
e.
Robert Peary.
25. An early marine biology expedition to study Antarctic whales was led by:
a.
Sir Alistair Hardy.
b.
Alexander Agassiz.
c.
Fridtjof Nanson.
d.
Charles Wyville Thomson.
e.
Louis Agassiz.
26. El Niño/Southern Oscillation refers to changes in weather patterns in the:
a.
Pacific Ocean.
b.
Atlantic Ocean.
c.
Indian Ocean.
d.
Southern Ocean.
e.
Antarctic Ocean.
27. The scientific method can be best described as:
a.
implementing an experiment.
b.
inductive and deductive reasoning.
c.
collecting data from the laboratory.
d.
an orderly set of procedures for learning about and interpreting the world.
e.
a rigid set of procedures that cannot be deviated from.
28. A marine biologist observes that Mako sharks, flying fish, and salmon leap out of the water. An
example of induction from these observations is:
a.
only some fishes can leap out of the water.
b.
all fishes leap out of the water.
c.
fishes leap out of the water to escape from predators.
d.
leaping out of water is often used in feeding.
e.
these fish must be closely related.
29. The first step in the scientific process is:
a.
setting up a laboratory.
b.
conducting experiments.
c.
making observations.
d.
inducing a testable hypothesis.
e.
using deductive reasoning.
30. For a scientific theory to enjoy broad acceptance by the scientific community it must:
a.
be based on numerous observations.
b.
have one or more hypotheses that have been tested and accepted.
c.
be supported by an important scientist.
d.
both a and b
e.
both b and c
31. A scientific investigation follows an orderly progression of steps-select the correct path.
a.
Test hypothesis, collect and interpret data, determine conclusions.
b.
Make observations, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis.
c.
Make observations, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis, collect and interpret data, draw
conclusion.
d.
Consult literature, test hypothesis, collect data, interpret data, draw conclusion.
e.
Make observations, consult literature, interpret data, formulate and test hypothesis.
32. The thinking process of proposing a general explanation from individual observations is called:
a.
scientific method.
b.
deductive reasoning.
c.
logical reasoning.
d.
inductive reasoning.
e.
logical-positivist reasoning.
33. The thinking process of drawing specific statements from a general principle or idea is called:
a.
scientific method.
b.
deductive reasoning.
c.
inductive reasoning.
d.
logical reasoning.
e.
logical-positivist reasoning.
34. The orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information to understand how the natural world works
is called:
a.
scientific method.
b.
logical reasoning.
c.
deductive reasoning.
d.
inductive reasoning.
e.
theory formation.
35. J. H. Connell proposed that competition occurred between barnacle species; he based that on:
a.
the observed distribution of the species and environmental measurements.
b.
laboratory test he had concluded.
c.
a conversation with other scientists.
d.
the observation that they were in the rocky intertidal.
e.
laboratory observations of their fighting behavior.
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36. Ivan Valiela’s hypothesis that the growth of salt marsh grass is limited by nitrogen availability was:
a.
disproved by the growth of larger and taller grass in his control (nitrogen-fertilized) plots.
b.
disproved by the growth of larger and taller grass in his experimental (nitrogen-fertilized)
plots.
c.
supported by the growth of larger and taller grass in his experimental (nitrogen-fertilized)
plots.
d.
supported by the growth of larger and taller grass in his control (nitrogen-fertilized) plots.
e.
unsupported by a poor experimental design.
37. Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment?
a.
Biological interactions between barnacle species are responsible for their distribution
patterns.
b.
Night-feeding fishes rely on their sense of smell to locate prey.
c.
The growth of salt marsh grass is limited by nitrogen availability.
d.
Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate.
e.
Goldfish prefer to eat brightly-colored foods.
TRUE/FALSE
38. The oceans cover less than half of the earth’s surface.
39. Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms
this food supports.
40. Marine organisms are excellent models for studying basic biology principals.
41. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification schemes.
42. Among other discoveries, Lamarck was the first to explain the phenomenon of atolls.
43. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the ocean.
44. Fridtjof Nansen contributed greatly to our knowledge of the Arctic regions.
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MATCHING
Match the exploration with the person it is most closely associated with.
a.
Voyage of the Beagle
b.
American-led marine biology expeditions
c.
Challenger expedition
d.
expedition to the North Pole
45. Charles Darwin
46. Charles Wyville Thomson
47. Alexander Agassiz
48. Fridtjof Nansen
Match the marine biology institute with the state where it located.
a.
Scripps Institute of Oceanography
b.
Friday Harbor Laboratories
c.
Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole
d.
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
49. Massachusetts
50. California
51. Washington
52. Florida
Match the description with the corresponding term.
a.
an orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information
b.
proposing general explanations from a few observations
c.
proposing specific explanations from a general principle
53. Inductive reasoning
54. Deductive reasoning
55. Scientific method
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Match the description with the most closely associated term.
a.
Two species are in competition
b.
Species interaction causes observed distribution patterns
c.
Two types of organism are physically separated
56. Observation
57. Inductive reasoning
58. Deductive reasoning
Match the description with its most closely associated experimental component.
a.
a trial without the experimental variable
b.
variable being altered
c.
a trial that contains the experimental variable
59. Experimental variable
60. Experimental set
61. Control set
Match the description with its most closely associated term.
a.
using observation to test hypothesis
b.
non-observable or testable hypothesis.
c.
using controlled experiments to test hypothesis
d.
an explanation for a particular observed event
e.
an explanation for a body of observations over time
62. Experimental science
63. Observational science
64. Not science
65. Theory
66. Hypothesis
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ESSAY
67. Describe at least three direct and indirect ways in which the oceans influence the lives of humans.
68. Define the following terms:
•
Oceanography
•
Marine Biology
•
Ocean Productivity
•
Plankton
69. State at least two factors which contributed to increased exploration of the oceans in the 18th and 19th
centuries?
70. Describe the first obtained evidence for the existence of life in the deeper reaches of the ocean.
71. Describe the modern techniques for studying marine biology and the dissemination of information
about marine biology.
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72. People often use the term “theory” in a variety of ways, but to a scientist, a theory has a specific
meaning. Briefly describe the important features of a scientifically based theory.
73. Describe how inductive and deductive reasoning can be used in marine biology, using J.H. Connell’s
experiment with intertidal barnacles as an example.