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Sustainable development
A) will require making difficult decisions regarding travel to other planets.
B) will require many people to contribute financially.
C) will speed up evolution.
D) will require global, multinational cooperation.
You culture the dried soup from a 4,000-year-old cooking pot found in an Egyptian
tomb and obtain a distinctive species of prokaryote. You immerse a test tube of these
bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony grows back. This species is
probably
A) halophilic.
B) endospore-forming.
C) a spirochete.
D) a cyanobacteria.
Which of the following disciplines has found evidence for evolution based on the native
distributions (locations) of living species?
A) molecular biology
B) comparative anatomy
C) geographic distribution
D) paleontology
The genes for the enzymes of glycolysis
A) are active in all metabolizing cells, but the genes for specialized proteins are
expressed only in particular cell types.
B) are inactive in all metabolizing cells, but the genes for specialized proteins are
expressed in all cell types.
C) and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all metabolizing cells.
D) and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all embryonic cells.
Commercial inorganic fertilizers have greatly increased agricultural productivity. Which
of the following is an advantage of using inorganic rather than organic fertilizers?
A) It is easier for plants to absorb nutrients in an inorganic form.
B) Nutrients are released faster from inorganic fertilizers.
C) Inorganic nutrients bind more tightly to soil particles.
D) Inorganic fertilizers increase the water-holding capacity of the soil.
You arrive back in the United States after a visit to a foreign country located on another
continent. The customs agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit
basket this person is bringing home. Being the knowledgeable person you are, you
calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is that
the fruit basket may be
A) carrying endangered fruit.
B) carrying an exotic species that could damage North American ecosystems.
C) contaminated with chemicals that will damage the ozone layer above North America.
D) contaminated with sufficient DDT to cause serious harm to anyone who eats the
fruit.
What part of the brain allows us to recognize the emotional content of facial
expressions and also helps lay down emotional memories?
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) corpus callosum
The body uses atoms in different ways to accomplish different tasks. For example, one
portion of the body's calcium supply strengthens bones, whereas another portion
combines with proteins to stimulate blood clotting after tissue injury. Which of the
following statements provides the most logical chemical explanation of calcium's
ability to perform such different functions?
A) The bone contains calcium salts, which are less reactive than the calcium ions found
in the blood.
B) The calcium in blood is a more reactive form of the atom and therefore has fewer
protons than the calcium in bone.
C) There are many different isotopes of calcium, and the most reactive isotope is found
in the bone.
D) The calcium in blood has a lighter atomic mass than the calcium in bone and is in a
more reactive form.
CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via
A) stomata.
B) thylakoids.
C) grana.
D) stroma.
In many dense forests, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition
for
A) oxygen.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) sunlight.
Consider the following statement from the textbook: "Scientists hypothesize that higher
anti-HPV antibody levels provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers
compared to lower levels, but they don't yet have strong evidence to support this
hypothesis."
Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults
between the ages of 25 and 40 [mean age = 32]. From the following choices, select the
groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the experimental group
in your study.
A) a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females
B) a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males
C) a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females
D) a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult
females
The figure below shows a normal cell transduction pathway. If the receptor wasn't there,
which of the following is the most likely outcome?
A) Cell division will occur normally.
B) Cell division will not occur at all.
C) Cell division will be increased.
D) Cell division will be decreased.
When people speak of the "rain shadow" of the Himalayan mountains, where the Gobi
desert is, they are referring to the
A) shadow cast by the mist and clouds that hover above the crest of the range.
B) forested condition of the eastern flank of the range compared to the western flank.
C) scarcity of rain on the eastern flank and adjacent lowlands compared to the western
flank.
D) dark-colored chaparral vegetation that grows on the eastern flank.
Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which of the following
variations of this sentence is most like a frameshift mutation?
A) The did dog not eat.
B) The dod idn ote at.
C) The did not eat.
D) The dog did dog did not eat.
Synthetic auxins are used commercially
A) to promote seed germination.
B) to promote flowering in ornamental crops.
C) to promote side branching to produce bushier crops.
D) as a broadleaf weed killer.
What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?
A) neocortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla oblongata
D) thalamus
When you exhale, you
A) exchange CO2 for O2.
B) take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood.
C) take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
D) remove CO2 from the body.
How long do human red blood cells circulate in the blood before they wear out and
have to be replaced?
A) 1 to 2 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 3 to 4 months
D) 10 to 12 months
Most polyploid species arise from
A) a single diploid parent plant.
B) a single triploid parent plant.
C) a single tetraploid parent plant.
D) the hybridization of two parent species.
As a result of the cascade of electrons down the electron transport chains of the light
reactions,
A) NADPH is reduced to NADP+.
B) NADPH is oxidized to NADP+.
C) NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
D) NADP+ is oxidized to NADPH.
Squirrels seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds from bird feeders no matter
what people do to try to stop them. One day, Jeremy put out a bird feeder with a new
design, and sure enough, by the end of the day the squirrels were snacking on the seeds.
The squirrels most likely figured out how to get the seeds through
A) trial-and-error learning.
B) the use of alarm calls.
C) imprinting.
D) spatial learning.
Which of the following statements about internal membranes in eukaryotic cells is
false?
A) In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes greatly increase a cell's total membrane area.
B) In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes provide an additional area for many
metabolic processes to occur.
C) In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes form membranous compartments called
organelles.
D) In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes standardize the internal environment of all
cellular organelles.
Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is true?
A) The nitrogen cycle requires different types of bacteria.
B) Nitrogen gas is converted to nitrates in plant leaves.
C) Nitrogen cannot be cycled through living organisms.
D) When plants and animals die, nitrogen is removed from the nitrogen cycle.
Sister chromatids are
A) found right after a cell divides.
B) joined together at a centromere.
C) made only of DNA.
D) unique to prokaryotes.
Light microscopes
A) typically provide more resolution than an electron microscope.
B) work by reflecting electrons off the surface of an object being studied.
C) use light and glass lenses to magnify an image.
D) are generally not used to view bacteria.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that is characterized by damage and scarring of
lung tissue. This results in the lungs becoming stiff and inelastic. What function is most
likely to be impaired in someone with pulmonary fibrosis?
A) contraction of the diaphragm
B) relaxation of the diaphragm
C) gas exchange at the alveoli
D) expansion of the lungs
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that most severely affects the
lungs and respiratory tract. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the gene for the
protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), which regulates the movement
of chloride and sodium ions across epithelial cell membranes. When the CFTR gene is
mutated in cystic fibrosis, the defective CFTR protein cannot transport ions properly,
which results in too little water drawn across the membrane and the buildup of thick
and sticky (viscous) mucus, especially in the airways. This leads to difficulty of
breathing and frequent lung infections.
Research has shown that some of the increased thickness and viscosity of the mucus in
the respiratory tract is due to the presence of human DNA. If DNA is present in high
concentrations in solution, the DNA molecules can get entangled and lead to a thick,
viscous solution. To combat this, pharmaceutical companies have developed
recombinant forms of the human deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) protein. DNase I, after
being translated and modified with sugar groups, is normally produced in human cells
and possibly plays a role in DNA breakdown during apoptosis (programmed cell death).
A scientist produced a batch of recombinant DNase I in E. coli cells and a batch in
mammalian cells. She placed 0.1 mg of the E. coli-derived DNase I in a vial containing
a solution of DNA, and she placed 0.1 mg of the mammalian cell-derived DNase I in a
separate vial containing the same solution of DNA. The initial viscosity of the DNA
solutions was identical. What do you expect the viscosity of the DNA solutions to be
after ten minutes have passed, and why?
A) The viscosity of the mammalian cell DNase I vial will be lower than that of the E.
coli DNase I vial because the mammalian cell DNase I will be functional and able to
degrade the DNA.
B) The viscosity of the mammalian cell DNase I vial will be higher than that of the E.
coli DNase I vial because the mammalian cell DNase I will be functional and able to
degrade the DNA.
C) The viscosity of the E. coli DNase I vial will be lower than that of the mammalian
cell DNase I vial because the E. coli DNase I will be functional and able to degrade the
DNA.
D) The viscosity of the E. coli DNase I vial will be higher than that of the mammalian
cell DNase I vial because the E. coli DNase I will be functional and able to degrade the
DNA.
Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false?
A) Polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell
and organism.
B) Eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus.
C) Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
D) Ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and
tRNA.
TRH is a type of ________ hormone secreted by the ________.
A) steroid; thyroid gland
B) releasing; hypothalamus
C) peptide; thymus
D) releasing; anterior pituitary
The earliest discovered fossils are of ________ dating back to ________ years ago.
A) single-celled eukaryotes; 4.5 billion
B) prokaryotes; 3.5 billion
C) algae; 1 billion
D) fish; 600 million
The secondary immune response occurs when memory cells are activated by a second
exposure to
A) hormones.
B) antibodies.
C) antigens.
D) plasma cells.
