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Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?
A) parenchyma cells
B) sclerenchyma cells
C) tracheids and vessel elements
D) sieve-tube elements
Scientists interested in how populations interact within communities are attempting to
determine the species diversity of an island under study. What kind of data would be
most helpful to the scientists in determining diversity?
A) The number of different species on the island and the size of the population of each
species.
B) The number of species on the island that are consumers, producers, and
decomposers.
C) The relative biomass of each species on the island separated by trophic level.
D) The number of trophic levels on the island and the niche of each species.
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agents that help
emulsify fats are produced in location _____.
A) 1
B) 3
C) 8
D) 9
The following are an abstract and figure from a paper that explores the evolutionary
relationship between a protein kinase and behavior (M. Fitzpatrick and M. Sokolowski.
2004. In search of food: Exploring the evolutionary link between cGMP-dependent
protein kinase (PKG) and behavior. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44:28-36).
Abstract:
Despite an immense amount of variation in organisms throughout the animal kingdom,
many of their genes show substantial conservation in DNA sequence and protein
function. Here we explore the potential for a conserved evolutionary relationship
between genes and their behavioral phenotypes. We investigate the evolutionary history
of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and its possible conserved function in
food-related behaviors. First identified for its role in the foraging behavior of fruit flies,
the PKG encoded by the foraging gene had since been associated with the maturation of
behavior (from nurse to forager) in honey bees and the roaming and dwelling
food-related locomotion in nematodes. These parallels encouraged us to construct
protein phylogenies using 32 PKG sequences that include 19 species. Our analyses
suggest five possible evolutionary histories that can explain the apparent conserved link
between PKG and behavior in fruit flies, honey bees, and nematodes. Three of these
raise the hypothesis that PKG influences the food-related behaviors of a wide variety of
animals including vertebrates. Moreover it appears that the PKG gene was duplicated
some time between the evolution of nematodes and a common ancestor of vertebrates
and insects whereby current evidence suggest only the for-like PKG might be
associated with food-related behavior.
Neighbor joining trees depicting the evolutionary relationships of 32 PKG kinase
domain and C-terminal amino acid sequences spanning 19 species of protozoans and
metazoans. Values at the nodes represent the results of 5000 bootstrap replications.
Lineages with known behavioral links with PKG are indicated by gray branches.
Look at the evolutionary relationship of protein kinases in the figure above. Knowing
that there is evidence that this particular protein kinase is linked to food-related
behaviors in the animals studied, what conclusions can you draw?
A) There is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa.
B) There is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their
behavioral phenotype.
C) PKG influences food-related behaviors in a wide variety of animals, and there is
enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa.
D) PKG influences food-related behaviors in a wide variety of animals, and there is
likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral
phenotype.
Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was due
to the fact that _____.
A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens
B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox
C) there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses
D) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus
Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink?
A) Molecular collisions in the drink increase.
B) Kinetic energy in the liquid water decreases.
C) A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink.
D) The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases.
As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously
undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar
organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the
Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three
organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure
above.Which organism would you classify as an animal?
A) organism A
B) organism B
C) organism C
In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy
in the body is _____.
A) fat in adipose tissue
B) glucose in the blood
C) protein in muscle cells
D) glycogen in muscle cells
A man has extra digits (six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot). His wife
and their daughter have a normal number of digits. Having extra digits is a dominant
trait. The couple's second child has extra digits. What is the probability that their next
(third) child will have extra digits?
A) 1/2
B) 1/16
C) 1/8
D) 3/4
The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.
A) enantiomers
B) radioactive isotopes
C) structural isomers
D) cis-trans isomers
The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____.
A) axon hillock
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) glia
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus.
Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues.
How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?
A) 8
B) 16
C) 24
D) 32
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help
keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from
packing tightly.
B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and, therefore, more
cholesterol in membranes.
C) Unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids.
D) The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids.
The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum
Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on
the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage
permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food
from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The
body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth.
Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos
undergo spiral cleavage.
Using similarities in embryonic development, body symmetry, and other anatomical
features to assign an organism to a clade involves _____.
1. cladistics based on body plan
2. molecular-based phylogeny
3. morphology-based phylogeny
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per
photon?
A) They have a direct, linear relationship.
B) They are inversely related.
C) They are logarithmically related.
D) They are separate phenomena.
For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed
below.
I. Prophase I V. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle.
A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) VI
What is difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
A) An epidemic is a disease; a pandemic is a treatment.
B) An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global.
C) An epidemic has low mortality; a pandemic has higher mortality.
D) An epidemic is caused by a bacterial infection; a pandemic is caused by a viral
infection.
The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory
maintaining that _____.
A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist
others who share those genes
B) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each
other
C) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like
other traits, through natural selection
D) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and
submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants
Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
binds to a sodium channel and opens it. This is an example of _____.
A) a voltage-gated potassium channel
B) a ligand-gated sodium channel
C) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel
D) a chemical that inhibits action potentials
Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are
hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by _____.
A) preventing temporal lobe seizures
B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury
C) replenishing missing ion channels
D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and
a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be
oval or long, with long being the dominant trait. If true-breeding red long radishes are
crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of
the following?
A) red and long
B) white and long
C) purple and long
D) purple and oval
Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes
are determined to be homologous, it means that they are related _____.
A) by descent from a common ancestor
B) because of convergent evolution
C) by chance mutations
D) in function but not structure
Glycolysis is active when cellular energy levels are _____; the regulatory enzyme,
phosphofructokinase, is _____ by ATP.
A) low; activated
B) low; inhibited
C) high; activated
D) high; inhibited
FtsZ is a bacterial cytoskeletal protein that forms a contractile ring involved in bacterial
cytokinesis. Its function is analogous to _____.
A) the cleavage furrow of eukaryotic animal cells
B) the cell plate of eukaryotic plant cells
C) the mitotic spindle of eukaryotic cells
D) the microtubule-organizing center of eukaryotic cells
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____.
A) thyroid gland
B) hypothalamus
C) subcutaneous layer of the skin
D) liver
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the
frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous
for this allele?
A) 0.020
B) 0.04
C) 0.16
D) 0.32
The mechanism of cell crawling in protist species is not well defined. Pseudopodia
extension involves interactions between actin and myosin (the same molecules that are
involved in vertebrate muscle contraction). However, prior to the study described
below, no one had provided convincing data that actin and myosin were actually
involved in cell crawling in protists. Anatomical studies had identified the cytoskeletal
protein actin just below the surface of the cell membrane in several species of protist,
but physiological studies had failed to show a functional link between actin, myosin,
and cell crawling.
In a study by N. Poulsen et al. (Diatom gliding is the result of an actin-myosin motility
system, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 44 (1999):23-22), researchers tested whether
motility in a particular species of diatom involves interactions between actin and
myosin.
Refer to the study by Poulsen et al. and the figure above. Latrunculin A is a reversible
toxin that disrupts the formation of actin fibers. A culture of a particular species of
diatom was treated with this toxin diluted in a buffer, while another culture was treated
only with the buffer (no toxin; control). The motility of cells in each culture was
assessed by counting the number of cells that were moving during a defined period of
time. Which of the following conclusions is reasonable based on the above figure?
A) Formation of actin fibers is not necessary for the movement in this species of
diatom.
B) The buffer alone largely inhibited movement in this species of diatom.
C) In this species of diatom, fully formed actin fibers are necessary for movement.
The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in the accompanying
figure. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
A) 1, 4, and 6
B) 2, 7, and 8
C) 7, 8, and 13
D) 11, 12, and 13
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via _____.
A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) diffusion
D) exocytosis
Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information in that _____.
A) neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the
neural projections from olfactory receptors
B) the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can
distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received
C) tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids
D) distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is
an innate process
Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention.
Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior?
A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern.
B) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
C) The dog has been classically conditioned.
D) The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.
Which method is utilized by eukaryotes to control their gene expression that is NOT
used in bacteria?
A) control of chromatin remodeling
B) control of RNA splicing
C) transcriptional control
D) control of both RNA splicing and chromatin remodeling
The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely _____.
A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced
B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body
C) greatly reduce the volume of semen
D) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity
What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule
shown in the figure above?
A) ionic bonding between phosphates
B) hydrogen bonding between base pairs
C) van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms
D) peptide bonding between amino acids
